YouthAIDS
 AIDSMark

 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                             

SOCIAL MARKETING RESEARCH SERIES

The SMRS is a standard reporting format for presenting PSI's "dashboard" analysis from a research study. The dashboard is an evidence-based decision making tool for improving social marketing effectiveness. The SMRS are brief country-level reports containing dashboard tables, interpretation and programmatic recommendations drawn from the findings of one research study. They also document the methods used to conduct the study and include research tools.


  
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2008
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Antigua/Barbuda (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Among Spanish-Speaking Sex Workers. First Round


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Haïti (2008) : VIH/SIDA Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, la Pénétration et l’Accès des Préservatifs distribués gratuitement. Premier Passage.


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Haiti (2008) : Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, la Qualité de la Couverture, l’Accès et la Pénétration des Préservatifs. Deuxième Passage.


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Côte d’Ivoire (2008): Déterminants de l’utilisation du condom par les Hommes en uniformes en Côte d’Ivoire. Premier Passage.


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Botswana (2008): TRaC-M: Multiple Concurrent Partnerships Mass Media Campaign


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Russian Federation (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Health Services and Health Providers Working with Vulnerable Groups in St. Petersburg. Second Round.

 


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Central Asia (2008): Improving Reproductive Health Women of Reproductive Age In rural areas of Priority Sites of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Trough Interpersonal Communications. Second Round.


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Burundi (2008): Etude MAP des points de vente sur la disponibilité des produits PSI : Prudence, Supanet et Orasel. Quatrième passage.


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Haïti (2008) : Planification Familiale Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, la Qualité de la Couverture, l’Accès et la Pénétration des Contraceptifs Hormonaux. Deuxième Passage.


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St. Vincent (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Male Youth On the Block. First Round.


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Russia (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study of Risk, Health-seeking Behaviors, and Their Determinants, Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Eight Regions of the Russian Federation. Second Round.


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• Mozambique (2008): Maternal and Child Health TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Iodized Salt among Women 15-65 (years of age) in Nampula Province. First Round.
 Download PDF 170 KB
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 Angola (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Commercial Sex Workers in Luanda Province. Third Round.  


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• Central Asia (2008): Family Planning TRaC Study Evaluating Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Areas of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. First Round.
 Download PDF 130 KB
• Togo (2008) : Enquette MAP Sur La Couverture, La Qualite de Couverture, L’Acces et L’Equite D’Acces au Preservatif Protector Plus Dans Les Zones de Rencontre a Haut Risque. Deuxième Passage.
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• Central Asia (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Most at Risk Adolescents (MARA) in Priority Sites in Uzbekistan. Second Round.
 Download PDF 286 KB
• Zimbabwe (2008): Multiple Concurrent Partnerships in Zimbabwe: Determinants and monitoring indicators. First Round.
 Download PDF 364 KB
• Angola (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Commercial Sex Workers in Cunene Province. Second Round.
 Download PDF 129 KB
• Papua New Guinea (2008): MAP Study Evaluating the Availability of Condoms and Other Health Products in Morobe, NCD and Central, Western Highlands and East New Britian Provinces. First Round.
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Benin (2008) : Mesure de la couverture et de la qualité de couverture du kit de traitement de diarrhée  Orasel-Zinc® et du produit de traitement à domicile de l'eau Aquatabs® dans les départements du Bénin.


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Malawi (2008): Maternal and Child Health TraC Study Evaluating Oral rehydration salts (ORS) and Hygiene for the Prevention of Diarrhea and Cholera among Caregivers of Children under Five. Second Round.


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Nepal (2008): Malaria TRaC and Net Coverage Survey in Five Districts of Nepal: Phase III of the Malaria Prevention Program.


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Tanzania (2008): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage, and Quality of Coverage of PSI Products in Rural Areas. Third Round.


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Haïti (2008) : SANTE MATERNO-INFANTILE. Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, la Qualité de la Couverture, l’Accès et la Pénétration du micronutriment Babyfer, du Sel de Réhydratation Orale Sèl Lavi et de la moustiquaire imprégnée d’insecticide Séréna. Deuxième Passage


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Benin (2008): Déterminants de l’utilisation des contraceptifs modernes chez les femmes dans les zones de concentration des activités du projet IMPACT au Bénin. Premier passage.

 


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• Mexico (2008): No La Roles: Harm Reduction for IDUs in Mexicali, Baja California and San Luis Rio Colorado, and Sonora
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Mexico (2008): HIV Prevention Model with Incarcerated Men


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Tanzania (2008): Market penetration of condoms study. Third Round.


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Central America (2008): Medición de Cobertura y Acceso (MAP) de Condones y Lubricantes en Zonas Rojas de Centro América. Lectura No. 2.


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Central Asia (2008): Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of At-Risk Youth Relating to Injecting Drug Use and Sexual Behavior in Four Countries of Central Asia. Third Round


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Trinidad and Tobago (2008): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Young Females Engaging in Sex with Concurrent Partners in Point Fortin and Sea Lots. First Round.


 Download PDF 207 KB
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Malawi (2008): Maternal and Child Health TraC Study Evaluating Water Treatment and Hygiene for the Prevention of Diarrhea and Cholera among Caregivers of Children under Five. Second Round.


 Download PDF 232 KB
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Mozambique 2008: HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Among Men and Women Aged 15-35 in Gaza.  First Round.


 Download PDF 227 KB
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Mozambique 2008: HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Among Men and Women Aged 15-35 in Sofala. First Round.


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2007
• Democratic Republic of the Congo (2007): Enquête TRaC sur l’Utilisation de la Moustiquaire Imprégnée d’Insecticide par les Enfants de moins de 5 ans dans les Provinces du Kasaï Occidental, Nord Kivu et Sud Kivu. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract: ASF/PSI a obtenu de DFID une subvention pour la prévention du paludisme chez les enfants demoins de cinq ans et les femmes enceintes à travers le marketing social des moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticides. Ce financement concerne 7 des 11 provinces de la RDC et couvre unepériode de deux ans. Au total, 2112 ménages ont été sélectionnés couvrant un ensemble de 1238 enfants de moins de cinq ans. Les données ont été analysées suivant les indicateurs qui servent de base à la gestion du projet et qui ont été retenus dans son cadre logique. 32% des enfants de moins de 5 ans se trouvant dans les ménages enquêtés ont dormi sous une moustiquaire imprégnée d’insecticide la nuit précédant le jour de l’enquête. Environ 49% des femmes ayant en charge un enfant de moins de 5 ans connaît un point de vente de moustiquaires imprégnées. Les résultats ci-dessus montrent que la plupart des indicateurs du programme de marketing socialdes moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide restent encore assez bas. Afin d’améliorer le niveau d’utilisation actuelle des moustiquaires imprégnées par les enfants de moins de 5 ans, la campagne devra se focaliser sur l’amélioration de la disponibilité des moustiquaires imprégnées ainsi que la perception que le prix de la moustiquaire imprégnée est abordable.
  Download PDF 58 KB
• Burundi (2007) : Etude TRaC Sur Les Determinants De L’Utilisation Du Preservatif Avec Les Partenaires Occasionnelles Ou Commerciales Chez Les Militaires de La Premiere Region Militaire. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:Le projet de prévention du VIH/sida au sein des militaire de la Force de Défense Nationale (FDN) est essentiellement consacré à la promotion du dépistage. Ce projet a commencé depuis septembre 2005 dans la première région militaire par l’aménagement du centre de dépistage, la formation des prestataires, des pairs éducateurs et des superviseurs pour les sensibilisations. A partir de juin 2008, la deuxième région bénéficie des activités du projet. Au total, 1056 militaires ont été interviewés dans 11 camps de la première région militaire. Les analyses ont suivi les étapes des toolkits pour le tableau de suivi et de segmentation. Les analyses montrent que 55% des militaires ont protégé leur dernier rapport sexuel avec les partenaires occasionnelles ou commerciales tandis que 23% l’ont systématiquement fait au cours des 12 derniers mois. De manière générale, les militaires ayant eu des rapports sexuels avec cette cible au cours des 12 derniers mois ont une bonne connaissance des modes de transmission du VIH. Cette analyse suggère dans un premier temps que l’intention d’utiliser le condom demeure un facteur très important dans la protection des rapports sexuels avec les partenaires occasionnelles ou commerciales chez les militaires.
  Download PDF 157 KB
• Tanzania (2007): Maternal & Child Health TRaC Study among Women with Children under 5 (years of age) in Dar el Salaam. First Round.
 Download PDF 120 KB
• Bénin (2007): Enquête TRaC sur l’utilisation de la thérapie de réhydratation orale chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans ayant fait la diarrhea dans les departments des Collines et du Zou. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI – Bénin a été retenu par le bureau local de l’UNICEF pour mettre en œuvre le programme de marketing social des sels de réhydratation orale « Orasel » dans le cadre de son programme de prévention du paludisme et des maladies diarrhéiques. La présente étude est basée sur une enquête transversale portant sur échantillon représentatif de 2155 ménages, couvrant au total 2198 femmes et 3018 enfants de moins de 5 ans dans les départements des Collines et du Zou. L’analyse des données a révélé que la prévalence – 15% de la diarrhée dans les deux départements est de 13% chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Parmi ceux – ci, 44% ont été traités par une thérapie de réhydratation orale (dont environ 42% par Orasel). Les informations recuillies lors de la présente enquête montrent que le niveau d’utilisation de la thérapie de réhydratation orale pour prévenir la déhydratation chez les enfants diarrhéiques reste faible.
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• Zambia (2007): Preliminary Findings on Target Group Profiles and Perceptions about the Brand, Product and Place regarding the Provision of Male Circumcision Services to Men (15-30 years)
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• Guinea (2007): Enquête TraC-M sur l’exposition aux activités de Communication Interpersonnelle concernant la Prévention des IST/VIH/SIDA en Moyenne Guinée. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract: L’objectif principal de cette enquête était de mesurer les niveaux d’exposition des populations beneficiaries des projets financés par la KfW en Moyenne Guinée. Il ressort des résultats que, les populations bénéficiaires ont été nombreuses à participer aux activités de sensibilisation. En effet, sept femmes sur dix (69,9%) et environ trois quart des hommes (76,1%) ont participé aux activités. Quant aux thèmes abordés lors des sensibilisations, les résultats montrent que les femmes et les hommes ont été beaucoup plus exposés aux thèmes qui portent sur la transmission sexuelle du VIH sans protection et la transmission du virus à travers l’usage des objets souillés/tranchants.
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• Burundi (2007) : Paludisme Enquête TRaC Pour Évaluer l'Utilisation de la Moustiquaire Imprégnée d’Insecticide chez les Femmes Enceintes ou Ayant à Charge un Enfant Âgé de Moins de 5 Ans. Premier Passage.
 Download PDF 332 KB
• South Africa (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Consistent Condom Use among Males and Females (15-35 years) in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: Society for Family Health (SFH) in South Africa concentrates on issues of HIV/AIDS and controlling the spread of the disease within South Africa. In late 2006/early 2007, SFH conducted a household survey designed to investigate consistent condom use, fidelity, abstinence, and voluntary counseling and testing for youth aged 15-35 living in three cities. EAs were first selected to be sampled, and then households within each EA were randomly sampled. The total sample size was 2685. Results show that a large number of men and women aged 15-35 used a condom at last sex with a non-married/non-cohabiting partner. However, only 61% reported consistent condom use with the same types of partners in the last six months. Meanwhile, very few respondents outlined all steps in correct condom use. We find that at least 40% of the respondents who have used a condom check the expiry date before they use a condom. While the three condom brands marketed by SFH were well-known, messages about correct condom use need to be emphasized.  Download PDF 99 KB
• Romania (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating the Effect of a POL-type Program among Young People Frequenting Dance Clubs in Bucharest. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: Starting in 2005, PSI Romania has been implementing a pilot youth program, funded by sales revenue and corporate sponsors, which targets 18-24 years old young people frequenting selected dance clubs in Bucharest. The intervention leverages the dynamic of social diffusion by recruiting opinion leaders to advocate for sexually responsible behavior with their peers during everyday conversations. The study employed a one-stage cluster survey design with the number of respondents per club selected proportional to size of the club. Results show consistent condom use and testing for STI remain fairly low among both males and females at follow-up. Furthermore, among males, an increase in risk profile was noted at follow-up (i.e., lower mean age at sexual debut, higher proportion with multiple partners). These findings suggest that interventions targeting this population continue to be needed. Study findings argue the need to continue targeting youth in order to increase consistent condom use and STI testing.
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• Burkina Faso (2007): Planification Familiale Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer l'Utilisation des Méthodes Contraceptives Modernes. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:La présente étude vise à fournir aux responsables de programmes des informations pour une meilleure orientation des activités dans le domaine de la planification familiale. L’étude comporte une grande composante complémentaire. La première a porté sur la population générale. Elle a consisté à récolter des données individuelles auprès de 3301 femmes résidant en milieu urbain et rural. L’analyse des données a conduit à la production de tableaux de suivi de l’utilisation actuelle des méthodes de contraception et de segmentation dont les grandes conclusions sont retracées dans les lignes qui suivent. L’utilisation actuelle de la contraception moderne est de 23% parmi les femmes ayant un besoin en matière de planification familiale. Trois MMC se dégagent dans l’utilisation : les préservatifs les pilules et les injectables.
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• Caribbean (2007): Price as a Barrier to Condom Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Trinidad and Tobago and St. Vincent and the Grenadines
View abstract
Abstract: This report describes the results of an experiment aimed at determining whether and how a condom price reduction in Trinidad and Tobago and St. Vincent and the Grenadines would affect condom purchase and use and the overall condom market. The study finds that lower prices are causally related to purchase. However, the evidence is less conclusive that lower prices increase consistent use. The study shows that the introduction of a lower priced condom would likely lead to substantial switching of condom brands, resulting in up to 60 percent of current brand users switching to the lower price brand.
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• Angola (2007) Maternal and Child Health TRaC Study Evaluating Water Treatment and Hygiene for the Prevention of Diarrhea and Cholera among Caregivers of Children Under Five in Luanda Province. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: The objectives of this study were to establish current water treatment practices in Luanda Province, Angola, and gain insight into the opportunity, ability, and motivation factors that drive or inhibit water treatment. Cluster sampling was used to select a representative, random sample of principal caregivers of children less than 5 years old. 1657 respondents were interviewed in June 2007. We find that despite high knowledge levels and high reported ability and motivation to treat water, only 46% of caregivers always treated their drinking water using a reliable method. Positive social norms, knowledge about safe water, water treatment, and causes of diarrhea were all found to be drivers of consistent water treatment. Respondents who believed water does not need to be treated because water is blessed by God were much less likely to always treat their drinking water.  Download PDF 113 KB
• Uganda (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Prevalence and Determinants of Cross Generational Sex among Unmarried Females (19-24 years) in Selected Universities. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: PSI/Uganda conducted a baseline survey designed to provide evidence for decision-making among unmarried female students aged 19-24 at selected universities. The purpose was to measure levels of engagement in cross-generational sex and identify the drivers of such relationships. A sample of 785 women was drawn from using probability proportional to size sampling. In residences, rooms were randomly selected using systematic intervals and in each room one female was selected by lottery. Results show that 11% of the women reported engaging in sex with a man 10 years or older than her in the past 12 months. Women who drink alcohol and have approval from their friends of such relationships are more likely to be in cross-generation relationships. Women who believe they control their HIV risk, trust older men, and believe such relationships have material benefits are also more likely to be in one. Younger students were also more likely to be in cross-generation relationships compared to older students.  Download PDF 97 KB
• Somaliland (2007): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating Ownership and Use of Mosquito Nets in Four Regions. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In September 2007, PSI began distributing Badbaado insecticide-treated mosquito nets at a subsidized price through the private sector using the existing wholesaler-retailer supply chain. Communication campaigns have been developed to promote both the Badbaado brand and general awareness of malaria. PSI Somaliland uses mass media communication channels to educate communities about the importance of malaria prevention. A cross sectional household survey was conducted among households with children under five years and the general population aged 15-49. A multi-stage cluster sampling approach was used to sample 1570 households and individuals across four of the six Somaliland regions. Twenty-one percent of households reported owning at least one ITN. Only 13% of children under five and 11.9% of pregnant women were reported to have slept under an ITN the night before the survey. Slightly more than half the nets observed in the households were PermaNet brand. Perceived availability of mosquito nets is low. Respondents who reported that net use is a social norm, had high self efficacy and held positive outcome expectations were more likely to report that children under five in the household slept under a mosquito net the night before the survey. Interventions should seek to improve perceived social norms for net use, outcome expectations from using nets and self efficacy to use nets. Improved motivation to purchase and use nets must also be supported by efforts to improve availability of ITNs.
  Download PDF 131 KB
• Haiti (2007): Planification Familiale Enquête TRaC Examinant l’Utilisation des Méthodes Contraceptives Modernes parmi les Femmes en âge de Procréer de 15-49 ans. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI/HAITI a établi plusieurs programmes dont ceux de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA et de la planification familiale qui vise l’augmentation de l’accès à l’utilisation des produits hormonaux. L’étude s’est déroulée sur le terrain au cours du mois de Mai 2007, auprès d’un échantillon représentatif national de 999 femmes de 15-49 ans. L’analyse statistique cherche à dégager les déterminants de l’histoire d’achat et d’utilisation des produits de planification familiale par les femmes de 15-49 ans. En matière de comportements, les résultats révèlent que la prévalence contraceptive est très faible en Haïti : près de la moitié des femmes enquêtées (50.9%) ont déjà utilisé une méthode moderne de PF dans leur vie, mais 22.4 % seulement d’entre elles en utilisent une au moment de l’enquête. Dans les zones urbaines les femmes de 15-49 ans qui ont dit être capables d’utiliser une quelconque méthode moderne de planification familiale ont trois fois plus de chance d’en utiliser actuellement que celles qui ne l’ont pas dit alors que celles qui ont une attitude positive vis-à-vis de la planification familiale ont deux fois plus de chance d’en utiliser une méthode contraceptive moderne au moment de l’Enquête que celles qui ne l’ont pas. Dans les zones rurales les femmes de 15-49 ans qui ont dit être capables d’utiliser une méthode moderne de planification familiale ont quatre fois plus de chance d’en utiliser actuellement que celles qui ne l’ont pas dit alors que celles qui pensent que l’utilisation d’une méthode de PF est associée à de faux problèmes ont 2 fois moins de chance de pratiquer la planification familiale que celles qui ne le pensent pas.
  Download PDF 527 KB
• China (2007): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating Mosquito Net Use among Rural Populations in Malaria Endemic Areas in Target Counties of Yuxi, Honghe and Xishuangbanna Prefectures, Yunnan Province. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: PSI/China conducted a household survey designed to investigate malaria-related knowledge and attitudes as well as behaviors related to insecticide-treated net (ITN) use among people aged 19-55 living in rural areas of three prefectures in Yunnan Province, China. The purpose of the survey was to identify factors associated with net use, determine levels of conventional net and ITN use, and apply study findings to malaria interventions designed to promote the use of long lasting ITNs. 949 respondents were interviewed in early 2007 using a multi-stage cluster sampling approach. Just over half of the respondents slept under a net the previous night, and those who were likely to have done so were more likely to agree that it is convenient to use a net and believe malaria is not a serious problem compared to those who did not sleep under a net the previous night. Fewer respondents consistently slept under a net in the past 6 months. Locus of control was related to both net use the previous night and consistent use. Those who used nets were less likely than those who did not to agree that they decide whether or not they sleep under a net. Households where everyone slept under a net were more likely to agree that pregnant women and children under five need to sleep under nets because they are most susceptible to malaria.  Download PDF 205 KB
• Togo (2007): Evaluation de la Qualité des Services dans les Centres de Conseils Dépistage Volontaire et Anonyme. Deuxième Passage.
View abstractAbstract: La présente étude d’évaluation de la qualité des services dans les centres de conseils et dépistage volontaire et anonyme (CDVA) s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet du Fonds Mondial pour le sida, la Tuberculose et le Paludisme exécuté par PSI/Togo. Elle a utilisé l’approche de clients mystérieux. Deux types de centre ont été visités par les clients mystérieux. Il s’agit des centres soutenus PSI/Togo regroupant onze centres d’une part, et de cinq centres de PNLS d’autre part. Au total 95 agents enquêteurs (clients mystérieux) ont effectué dans l’ensemble 256 visites dans tous les centres, dont 209 clients mystérieux pour les centres de PSI/Togo et 47 pour le PNLS. L’analyse des données collectées révèle quatre aspects essentiels : premièrement, l'accueil et la réception a été plus ou moins apprécie par les clients qui ont visités ces différents centres. Près de 9 personnes sur 10 ont été accueillies par un réceptionniste dans les centres de PSI/Togo et 7 personnes sur 10 dans les centres PNLS. Deuxièmement, les questions essentielles et fondamentales des CDVA ont été évoquées à savoir, la confidentialité, l’anonymat et le côté volontaire du test de dépistage. L’analyse des résultats montre qu’environ 7 clients sur 10 ont été informés sur le caractère anonyme et confidentiel du test dans les centres de PSI/Togo. Troisièmement, en ce qui concerne le prélèvement du sang l'étude montre que dans la plupart des cas visités, les laborantins ont désinfecté la zone de prélèvement avant la prise du sang.  Download PDF 378 KB
• Burundi (2007): Enquête MAP sur la Couverture et la Qualité de Couverture des Produits de Marketing Social dans Toutes les Provinces. Troisième Passage.
View abstractAbstract: PSI intervient au Burundi dans la prévention des épidémies les plus courantes dans le pays telles que le VIH/sida, le paludisme et les maladies diarrhéiques. Son action est focalisée sur le marketing social des produits de santé destinés à la prévention de ces maladies. Il s’agit spécifiquement des préservatifs de marque PRUDENCE pour le VIH/sida, des moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticides de marque SUPANET pour la prévention du paludisme, des sels de réhydratation orale de marque Orasel pour la prévention de la déshydratation en cas de diarrhée chez l’enfant et du produit Sûr’Eau à base de chlore (décontamination de l’eau) pour la lutte contre la diarrhée. L’objectif de l’étude MAP est d’évaluer le système de distribution des produits de marketing social se rapportant aux programmes en cours d’exécution. L’échantillonnage se fera selon la technique du LQAS (Lot Quality Assurance Sampling ou stratégie d’échantillonnage à faible coût). Il consiste à tirer dans chaque province d’intervention un échantillon de 19 unités d’observation avec probabilités proportionnelles à la taille démographique de chaque unité. Aux mois d’avril-mai 2007, une troisième enquête de type MAP permettant d’évaluer le système de distribution des produits PSI, a été organisée. Les résultats montrent une faible couverture moyenne de 8% en produit “Supanet”, 13% en produit “Orasel”, 10% en produit “Sûr’Eau” et 17% en préservatif de marque “Prudence”. Ceci est lié d’une part par une nouvelle stratégie de vente qui n’était pas encore adaptée au pays (la distribution des produits via les grossistes) ; et d’une autre part, PSI/Burundi a connu un moment de rupture de stock des produits.  Download PDF 273 KB
• South Africa (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Use of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services among Men and Women (15-35 years) in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: Society for Family Health (SFH) in South Africa concentrates on issues of HIV/AIDS and controlling the spread of the disease within South Africa. In late 2006/early 2007, SFH conducted a household survey designed to investigate consistent condom use, fidelity, abstinence, and voluntary counseling and testing for youth aged 15-35 living in three cities. EAs were first selected to be sampled, and then households within each EA were randomly sampled. The total sample size was 2685. Results show that a large number of men and women (83.2%) know where they can go for an HIV test. However, only 42.6% have been tested, and only half of those who have not been tested intend to get a test in the next 12 months. New Start testing center, which is associated with SFH, has yet to establish itself since only 2.4% of the respondents were familiar with the place. While knowledge about where to get tested is high, New Start should focus on exposing itself as a testing center and also promote messages about the importance of getting an HIV test.  Download PDF 86 KB
• El Salvador (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA en hombres que tiene sexo con hombres en San Salvador, Sonsonate, Santa Ana, San Miguel y San Vicente. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 412 KB
• Angola (2007): Malaria TRaC Study among Caregivers of Children Under Five in Eight Urban Areas. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI/Angola’s malaria program launched in late 2004 with two brands of donor-subsidized long lasting insecticide-treated nets. Cluster sampling methodology was used to select a representative, random sample of household caregivers of children in 8 major urban areas of Angola. 2,860 respondents, including 2,108 primary caregivers to children under 5, were interviewed in their homes. In Luanda Province, there was no increase in the number of households owning at least one treated net between 2005 (32%) and 2007 (35%). 34% of children under 5 in Luanda and 36% in the other cities had slept under a net the night before the study. In Luanda, 46% of all nets found in the surveyed households were PSI brand nets. The primary communications objective for promotion of LLIN use should be increasing awareness that malaria is only transmitted by mosquitoes, and mainly at night, in order to increase people’s ability to make informed choices about net use.
  Download PDF 224 KB
• Guinea (2007): Survie d’Enfant Enquête TRaC-M sur l’Exposition aux Activités de Communication de Masse Concernant la Prévention des Maladies Diarrhéiques. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract: L’enquête de suivi des activités de masse media a été commanditée par PSI/Guinée et exécutéepar le bureau d’études CeRPoD en mai 2007. L’objectif principal de cette enquête était demesurer les niveaux d’exposition des femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans et/oucelles étant enceintes aux spots. Ainsi, la méthode TRaC_M a touché 57 femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans et/ou femmes enceintes. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les niveaux d’exposition des femmes en charge d’enfants de moins de cinq ans et/ou les celles enceintes aux spots portant sur la prévention des maladies diarrhéiques sont très élevés. L’analyse des informations sur les canaux de diffusion montre que la radio nationale sont la mieux indiquée pour faire passer les spots sur la prévention des maladies diarrhéiques à la urbane, tandis que la radio rurale est la mieux indiquée pour la préfecture de Labé.
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• Centroamérica (2007): Estudio MAP Evaluando la Cobertura, Calidad de Cobertura, Penetración y Calidad de Penetración de Condones y Lubricantes en Zonas Rojas y Acceso y Equidad de Acceso a Poblaciones Vulnerables de Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador,Guatemala, Nicaragua, y Panama. Primera Ronda.
 Download PDF 431 KB
• Honduras (2007): Estudio MAP Evaluando la Cobertura, Calidad de Cobertura, Penetración y Calidad de Penetración de Condones y Lubricantes en Zonas Rojas y Acceso y Equidad de Acceso a Poblaciones Vulnerables. Primera Ronda.
 Download PDF 405 KB
• Uganda (2007): Child Survival TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of WaterGuard among Internally Displaced Persons in Pader District. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI is implementing an HIV/AIDS prevention and safe water and hygiene program in 20 IDP camps in Pader district, Northern Uganda. In December 2006, PSI Uganda conducted a household survey designed to track program progress and guide the design of behavior change communications among internally displaced persons in Pader District. A cross sectional household survey was conducted among persons aged 15-49 in the 20 target IDP camps. Households and respondents were randomly sampled using the multi- stage cluster sampling approach. A total of 1,508 female respondents in households with children under five were sampled from 103 enumeration areas out of 254. Multivariate analyses were done to identify factors significantly associated with use of WaterGuard, Respondents who perceived that WaterGuard is readily available believe that use of WaterGuard is common in their community (social norms), and know causes of diarrhea and how it can be prevented were more likely to report that they always use WaterGuard. Interventions should seek to improve availability of WaterGuard. Knowledge of causes of diarrhea and knowledge of how it can be prevented are determinants of behavior.
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• Uganda (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Abstinence among Young Internally Displaced Persons (15-19 years) in Pader District. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI implemented a behavior change communication program and distributed condoms and services to IDPs in 20 camps in Pader district, Northern Uganda. In December 2006, PSI Uganda conducted a household survey designed to track program progress and guide the design of behavior change communications among internally displaced persons in Pader District. A cross sectional household survey was conducted among young people aged 15-19. Households and respondents were randomly sampled using a multi- stage cluster sampling approach. A total of 976 young people aged 15-19 years were sampled from 103 enumeration areas out of 254 blocks. Results show 73% had never had sex. Almost one-third of those who have ever had sex reported that they had not had sex in the last 12 months. Results show that IDP youths who reported that they have never had sex are characterized by higher social support, higher self efficacy, and a more positive attitude towards abstinence. Interventions should aim to promote secondary abstinence. Interventions should improve the perceived social support for abstinence.
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• Uganda (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use in Higher Risk Sex among Young Internally Displaced Persons (15-24 years) in Pader District. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI is implementing an HIV/AIDS prevention and safe water and hygiene program in 20 IDP camps in Pader district, Northern Uganda. Program activities are focused on HIV/AIDS. In December 2006, PSI Uganda conducted a household survey designed to track program progress and guide the design of behavior change communications among internally displaced persons in Pader District (IDPs). A cross sectional household survey was conducted among persons aged 15-49 in the 20 target IDP camps. Households and respondents were randomly sampled using themulti-stage cluster sampling approach. A total of 2536 respondents were sampled from 103 blocks out of 254. Out of 1,666 young people sampled, 24% reported involvement in high risk sex in the past 12 months. Results show that IDP youth who reported consistent condom use in high risk sex are characterized by higher social support, self efficacy, and social norms. Interventions should seek to improve social support for condom use, improve negotiation skills for condom use and encourage the practice of open discussions about HIV since they are significant determinants of condom use.
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• Central Asia (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Sexual Behavior and Injecting Drug Use among Opiate Drug-Using Sex Workers in Tashkent. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Central Asia is implementing a Drug Demand Reduction Program . The intervention has beenoperating as part of DDRP in Central Asia since March 2006 targeting sex workers and opiatedrug-using sex workers. Respondent-Driven Sampling was used to collect data among 196 respondents aged 15 to 45 who live or work in Tashkent City, Uzbekistan. Segmentation analysis showed that DU-SWs who reported they never shared injecting equipment were more likely to state that they are well enough informed about drugs to avoid contracting HIV than needle sharers. A high percentage of DU-SWs reported using condoms at last sex with commercial partners (92.2%), but a much lower percentage reported consistent condom use with commercial partners (59.9%). Although over two-thirds of DU-SWs experienced at least 1 STI symptom in the past six months, only 15.5% of respondents reported being treated by a qualified health worker in that time. Programs should address condom use with regular and attractive (trusted and healthy looking) partners, and build awareness of legal STI services to increase condom use among drug-using sex workers. Addressing risk related to injecting behavior should be a major objective of prevention programs working with sex workers should specifically be targeted.
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• Uganda (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use in Higher Risk Sex among Internally Displaced Persons in Pader District. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI is implementing an HIV/AIDS prevention and safe water and hygiene program in 20 IDP camps in Pader district, Northern Uganda. Program activities are focused on HIV/AIDS. In December 2006, PSI Uganda conducted a household survey designed to track program progress and guide the design of behavior change communications among internally displaced persons in Pader District (IDPs). A cross sectional household survey was conducted among persons aged 15-49 in the 20 target IDP camps. Households and respondents were randomly sampled using themulti-stage cluster sampling approach. A total of 2536 respondents were sampled from 103 blocks out of 254. Slightly more than one third (36.4%) of respondents said they had sex with a non– marital partner (high risk sex) in the past 12 months. Among the population who had higher risk sex , 44.6% reported that they always use condoms with a non – marital partner. Interventions should seek to improve availability of condoms, social support for condom use, knowledge of HIV, and outcome expectations for condoms. Interventions should be specifically targeted towards females and persons with low levels of education since they are less likely to use condoms in high risk sex.
  Download PDF 85 KB
• Belize (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Tourism Industry Employees in Cayo. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The Pan-American Social Marketing Organization is implementing a program targeting migrants and tourist industry workers in Corozal, Orange Walk, and Cayo, Belize. The purpose of the program is to promote safer sexual behavior among this population through interpersonal communications and mass media activities while using a high coverage social marketing strategy to increase access to and availability of condoms. Multi-stage cluster sampling recruited 500 tourist industry workers who had had sex in the last year and were between the ages of 18-49. Logistic regression was used to identify significant determinants of condom use at last sex versus not using a condom at last sex. UNIANOVAS were run to obtain proportions and simple frequency percentages were run for the monitoring analysis. Simple frequencies showed that only 9.5% of tourist industry workers had received money for sex with tourists in the past 12 months. Among workers who had sex with a tourist partner, two-thirds had used a condom at last sex, although consistent condom use in the last 30 days is low at 9.3%. While knowledge about the transmission of HIV/AIDS among tourist industry workers is high, ranging from 65-75%, knowledge can be improved. A low proportion of tourist industry workers believed that the use of water-based lubricants reduces the risk of HIV transmission, and many believed they were not at risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS.
  Download PDF 122 KB
• Tanzania (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use with Non-Marital Sexual Partners among Youth. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI-Tanzania is working to prevent HIV disease through the social marketing of Salama, Salama Studs, Salama 3Bomba and familia condoms. This serves as the baseline survey and it tracks several indicators related to the health of 15-24 year-olds with respect to HIV. The sample size for the survey was 2,056 males & females aged 15-24. A nationally representative sample was attained distributed across regions through a multistage cluster random sampling. Mean age at first sex is 16 years for both males and females. Seventy three percent of single/unmarried males and 72% of females aged 15-24 have ever had sex. Among males and females who have ever had sex, 39% and 22% respectively had two or more partners in the past 12 months. Fifty one percent of males and 43% of females reported having used a condom at last sex with a non-spousal/non-cohabiting partner. Sixty nine percent of condoms last bought were reportedly a Salama brand. In order to successfully promote partner reduction, PSI should target the less educated, and work on improving self-efficacy for being faithful (giving people confidence in their ability to remain faithful with one partner, sustain long-term relationships, and resist sex with others).
  Download PDF 105 KB
• Botswana (2007): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Lovers Plus Condoms. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The results of this second MAP study show that coverage of Lovers Plus condoms is still low in almost all sales regions. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) technique was used to determine the coverage and quality of coverage of PSI/Botswana’s condom social marketing program. It was found that coverage in Gaborone sales region is 45%, while coverage in Francistown is 35%, followed by Central and Kgalagadi, both with 30% coverage, and by 25% in Maun sales. The survey findings are based on a total of 560 outlets spread across the 95 EAs selected throughout the country. Out of all outlets, 41.8% were found to have Lovers Plus condoms. 57.7% of the outlets which stock Lovers Plus condoms were in the urban areas while 42.3% were in the rural areas.
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• Uganda (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Faithfulness among Married Internally Displaced Persons in Pader District. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI is implementing an HIV/AIDS prevention and safe water and hygiene program in 20 IDP camps in Pader district, Northern Uganda. Program activities are focused on HIV/AIDS. In December 2006, PSI Uganda conducted a household survey designed to track program progress and guide the design of behavior change communications among internally displaced persons in Pader District (IDPs). A cross sectional household survey was conducted among persons aged 15-49 in the 20 target IDP camps. Households and respondents were randomly sampled using themulti-stage cluster sampling approach. A total of 2536 respondents were sampled from 103 blocks out of 254. The results show that more than two thirds reported that they had not had sex with a non marital partner in 12 months preceding the study. Older respondents were less likely to report faithfulness than their younger counterparts while males were less likely to report faithfulness than the females. The intervention should seek to address older couples (31-49) since they were more likely to report having sexual relations with non marital partners. The intervention should also develop a strategy specifically designed for targeting men. The intervention should showcase the positive outcomes of faithfulness.
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• Pakistan (2007): Family Planning TRaC Study Evaluating Contraceptive Use among Married Men and Women in Rural and Urban Pakistan. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: This study aims to identify behavioral determinants associated with the use of modern methods of family planning. It also seeks to formulate baseline findings to inform communication campaigns promoting family planning messages and monitor levels of behavioral practices. Greenstar/Pakistan has been socially marketing family planning, maternal, and child health products since 1986. The organization actively franchises providers that subsidize socially marketed family planning services and products. A baseline study in April 2007 targeted married women and men aged 15-49 who live in four Pakistani provinces. A multistage, stratified, systematic, disproportionate sampling methodology captured 4062 respondents for the first round. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors significantly associated with modern methods of family planning among men and women with met and unmet need. Availability of family planning methods, social norms related to use of family planning, and quality of care significantly determined whether someone used modern family planning methods or not. Men and women who used these methods were much more likely to know how to use an effective family planning method and believe they could do something to avoid getting pregnant too soon. Men who used family planning methods were more likely to believe that God did not determine the number of children they have compared to men who did not use these methods.  Download PDF 304 KB
• Belize (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Male Clients of Sex Workers. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The Pan-American Social Marketing Organization is implementing a program targeting clients of female sex workers in Corozal, Orange Walk, and Cayo, Belize. The purpose of the program is to promote safer sexual behavior among this population through interpersonal communications and mass media activities while using a high coverage social marketing strategy to increase access to and availability of condoms. A multi-stage cluster sampling approach was employed. In total 500 clients were recruited. Analysis of variance is employed to estimate the adjusted means or proportions of each explanatory variable by the behavior of interest. Consistent condom use with an FSW in the last 30 days was high at 92%. Only half of the clients who have had an STI sought medical treatment for their last episode. Nearly equal numbers of clients agree and disagree that Vive condoms smell bad, condoms usually break, the use of water-based lubricants reduces HIV transmission, or are nervous about buying condoms near their home. Several indicators differentiate users (used a condom at last sex) from non-users. Users tended to disagree that Vive condoms have a bad smell or condoms usually break, were more knowledgeable about HIV transmission, were more willing to pay a higher price for condoms, and less likely to seek medical treatment for STIs.
  Download PDF 142 KB
• Belize (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Garifunas in Cayo, Stann Creek, and Toledo. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The Pan-American Social Marketing Organization is implementing a program targeting Garifunas in Corozal, Orange Walk, and Cayo, Belize. The purpose of the program is to promote safer sexual behavior among this population through interpersonal communications and mass media activities while using a high coverage social marketing strategy to increase access to and availability of condoms. A multi-stage cluster sampling approach was employed. In total 500 Garifunas were recruited. Analysis of variance is employed to estimate the adjusted means or proportions of each explanatory variable by the behavior of interest. Just more than half of the sample was consistent condom users. Simple frequencies show that Garifunas had, on average, 3.5 occasional partners in the last 12 months. Garifunas tend to know that condom use and partner reduction prevents the transmission of HIV/AIDS but are less knowledgeable about mutual fidelity reducing the transmission. Mass media messages need to more clearly communicate the ties between mutual fidelity and risk of acquiring AIDS.
  Download PDF 136 KB
• Belize (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Female Sex Workers. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The Pan-American Social Marketing Organization is implementing a program targeting female sex workers in Corozal, Orange Walk, and Cayo, Belize. The purpose of the program is to promote safer sexual behavior among this population through interpersonal communications and mass media activities while using a high coverage social marketing strategy to increase access to and availability of condoms. A multi-stage cluster sampling approach was employed but there were problems in the sampling and only 80 female sex workers were recruited. Analysis of variance is employed to estimate the adjusted means or proportions of each explanatory variable by the behavior of interest. Condom use with non-paying regular partners is 84% but condom use at last sex with clients is much higher, at 96%. Consistent condom use is much lower, at only 81% among clients and 61% among regular partners. Many FSW are able to find condoms near their place of work. Only half prefer the PASMO-marketed condom brand, Vive¸ and more than half of FSW believe their clients negatively react when asked if a condom can be used. Future programming needs to improve knowledge about HIV and promote consistent condom use with all types of partners, not just clients of FSW.
  Download PDF 140 KB
• Belize (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among MSM in Belize District, Cayo, and Stann Creek. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The Pan-American Social Marketing Organization is implementing a program targeting MSM in Corozal, Orange Walk, and Cayo, Belize. The purpose of the program is to promote safer sexual behavior among this population through interpersonal communications and mass media activities while using a high coverage social marketing strategy to increase access to and availability of condoms. An RDS methodology (respondent driven sampling) was employed. In total 225 MSM were required. Due to the difficulty of applying RDS or time location to recruit this population, only 80 MSM were interviewed. Analysis of variance is employed to estimate the adjusted means or proportions of each explanatory variable by the behavior of interest. Condom use at last sex with any type of partner is quite high, usually over 85%. Consistent condom use, defined as always using a condom with a partner in the last thirty days, is lower by around 10%. Consistent condom use in the last thirty days with any male partner is only 64%. Use of water-based lubricants is low and only a third of MSM sought medical treatment the last time they had an STI. Although few sought medical treatment, 94% know a place where they can get an HIV test. Multiple partnership is common.
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• Cambodia (2007): In-Depth Interviews and Focus Group Discussions to Understand Barriers and Motivators to Family Planning
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Cambodia’s Sun Quality Health is a social franchising network that aims to increase access to and availability of quality family health services for low income and vulnerable populations through providers who practice high standards of care. As of October 2006, there were 24 clinics in two provinces. A convenience sample was used for this study. Recruitment was conducted in rural and urban areas of Pursat province, Cambodia, using a snowball sampling method. Women between the ages of 15 and 49 were selected for inclusion into focus group discussions. The majority of respondents was able to identify modern methods of contraception and most dismissed traditional approaches as being outmoded and ineffective. Many of the women however did not have proper knowledge of how an IUD works or the implant. Husbands appear to be the single most import influencer on a woman’s decision to both seek birth spacing services and to start using/continue using modern birth spacing methods. The communication should target husbands to encourage their wives to seek birth spacing services from a trained health provider.
  Download PDF 99 KB
• Cambodia (2007): MAP Study Evaluating the Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Malaria Prevention and Treatment Products in Endemic Areas. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In 2004, a pilot MAP study was conducted on the availability of malaria products in the private sector. MAP studies are a tool used for the monitoring of product availability and accessibility, using pre-defined criteria for coverage, quality of coverage and access. The main objectives of the 2007 Malaria MAP survey in Cambodia were to assess the geographical coverage and quality of coverage of PSI’s products. The MAP methodology employs the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling technique to draw a random sample of 19 enumeration areas in each of the supervision zones for this study. Malarine and Malacheck are both available in about half of all high risk communes, and in 35%-45% of low and medium risk areas. Malanet and Malatab are available in a much smaller proportion of communes (less than 20%-25% coverage), and there are no differences in coverage between the three supervision areas. The coverage of all products, but particularly of Malarine for Children, Malanet, and Malatab, should be further increased in all areas. The program should maintain a focus on the high- and medium risk areas of the country. One way of improving coverage everywhere is to target specific outlet types (drug stores, mobile providers, village shops), especially in rural areas that currently do not have any PSI malaria product providers.
  Download PDF 854 KB
• Cambodia (2007): Family Planning TRaC-M Study Evaluating Quality of Care of among Social Franchising Providers in Kampong Thom and Kampot. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Cambodia’s Sun Quality Health is a social franchising network that aims to increase access to and availability of quality family health services for low income and vulnerable populations through providers who practice high standards of care. As of October 2006, there were 24 clinics in two provinces. Based on lot quality assurance sampling rationale, systematic random sampling was used to select 19 PSI service delivery points and 19 non-PSI service delivery points from the two provinces. Each facility was evaluated with a mystery client, retail audit and clinical attribute checklist and a provider survey. Providers under-performed in assuring confidentiality and privacy during consultations, taking medical history, conducting a medical exam, advising on side effects of oral contraceptives, and enquiring into the client’s desire for more children. PSI should strengthen and build the provider’s knowledge of family products and feasibility of birthspacing after childbirth must be reinforced in all clinics.
  Download PDF 184 KB
• Uganda (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Use of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services among Internally Displaced Persons in Pader District. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI is implementing an HIV/AIDS prevention and safe water and hygiene program in 20 IDP camps in Pader district, Northern Uganda. Program activities are focused on HIV/AIDS. In December 2006, PSI Uganda conducted a household survey designed to track program progress and guide the design of behavior change communications among internally displaced persons in Pader District (IDPs). A cross sectional household survey was conducted among persons aged 15-49 in the 20 target IDP camps. Households and respondents were randomly sampled using themulti-stage cluster sampling approach. A total of 2536 respondents were sampled from 103 blocks out of 254. The results show that out of the 2536 respondents sampled, more thantwo-thirds reported that they took an HIV test within the 6 months preceding the survey. Respondents with higher knowledge on the importance of HCT and on ways to prevent HIV were more likely to report that they took an HIV test. Respondents who perceived higher social support and those who perceived availability of HCT services were also more likely to report taking an HIV test. Younger respondents were more likely to report taking an HIV test than the older respondents. Interventions should aim to improve the risk group’s knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention.
  Download PDF 79 KB
• Cambodia (2007): MAP Study Evaluating the Availability of PSI Birth Spacing Products in Urban and Rural Areas. Third Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Cambodia has been implementing a social marketing program since December 1993. The MAP methodology employs the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling technique to draw a random sample of 19 enumeration areas in each of the supervision zones for this study. The oral contraceptive OK Pill was found in the majority of Phnom Penh and other urban areas and coverage for this product is relatively high in rural areas (60%). Coverage of OK Injection is lower everywhere, ranging from 25% (rural) to 55% (Phnom Penh). PSI should increase coverage of OK Pill and OK Injection in rural areas and maintain current levels in urban settings.
  Download PDF 190 KB
•

Burundi (2007) : Etude TRaC Pour Evaluer L’Utilisation de Orasel Chez Les Femmes Ayant Des Enfants Des Moins de 5 ans. Deuxième Passage.


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• Mali (2007): Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer les Déterminants de Mutilations Génitales Féminines à Bamako. Premier Passage.
View abstractAbstract: L’objet de cette étude est de faire une évaluation de base afin d’identifier les facteurs qui peuvent favoriser la mise en œuvre du programme de lutte contre les mutilations génitales féminines et les actions à entreprendre dans l’avenir pour décourager ceux qui ont l’intention d’exciser leur fille. Cette étude est basée sur des interviews individuelles réalisées auprès d’un échantillon de 1326 personnes. Ces personnes ont été identifiées dans les ménages ayant au moins une fille non excisée. Un sondage aléatoire stratifié à deux degré a été utilisé. Des analyses de régression logistique multivariées ont été réalisées en vue de déterminer les facteurs qui influencent l’intention de ne pas exciser sa fille sur le plan de la motivation, de l’opportunité et de la capacité. Les tests statistiques de khi-deux sont utilisés pour attester du niveau de signification statistique des résultats obtenus. Les résultats du tableau de segmentation suggèrent que les activités de communication en matière de lutte contre l’excision doivent se concentrer sur l’augmentation de l’efficacité personnelle, des normes sociales, la connaissances des effets néfastes de l’excision, de perception de la susceptibilité et de la perception de la sévérité pour faire changer d’avis les personnes qui ont l’intention d’exciser leur fille.  Download PDF 88 KB
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Zambia (2007): VCT TRaC Study: Examining the Use of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Among Women and Men Aged 15-49. First Round.


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• Nicaragua (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA en hombres que tiene sexo con hombres en Ciudad León, Managua, Masaya, RAAS y Nueva Segovia. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 408 KB
• Vietnam (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Sexual Risk Behaviors among Male Clients of Sex Workers and Potential Clients of Sex Workers in Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: This survey among male clients of sex workers and potential male clients of sex workers aimed to identify and describe segments of the population in terms of ever having sex with sex workers and having sex with sex workers four or more times in the last six months. The intent is to apply study findings to design interventions aimed at reducing the risk of HIV transmission among male clients of sex workers. The monitoring and segmentation analysis is based on data collected in four Vietnamese provinces in 2007. 1003 male respondents aged 18-40 were sampled using multi-staged cluster sampling. Findings show that 15% of men had at least one sex worker partner in the last six months. Of these, half had sex with sex workers four or more times. One-third of youth aged 18-24 had ever been with a sex worker. Half of the men knew where to get tested for HIV although only half had ever done so. Men who have never been with a sex worker tended to more strongly believe that it is not normal for a man to visit sex workers. They were less willing to initiate a discussion about sexual issues with their wives or girlfriends though, or discuss HIV/AIDS with friends. Men who had sex more than four times with sex workers in the past six months were more likely to believe that their friends would accept them into their group regardless of whether they visited a sex worker or not.  Download PDF 328 KB
• Myanmar (2007): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of WaterGuard in Coastal Regions. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: PSI’s interventions in Myanmar focus on the prevention of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrheal disease. In 2006, PSI received funds from UNICEF to make WaterGuard available in 32 priority townships within coastal areas of Myanmar. The objective of the PSI/Myanmar 2007 MAP survey was to monitor the coverage and quality of coverage of PSI’s social marketed product WaterGuard. The Project MAP methodology employs the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) technique to draw a random sample of 19 enumeration areas (EAs) from each supervision areas. Results show that in 95% of the project townships WaterGuard is available in at least 5 outlets. It indicates that at least 5 active outlets in every project township had WaterGuard by December 2007. Quality of coverage is low; the selling of WaterGuard at the recommended price or less (350 Kyats) stands only at 30% of the project townships. Similarly, only 30% of the project townships were selling WaterGuard within the expiry date. The visible display of the product itself is found in 20% of townships and the display of promotional materials including “WaterGuard sold here” is very low at less than 20% of the project townships.  Download PDF 83 KB
• Cambodia (2007): MAP Study Evaluating the Availability of Condoms and Lubricant in Urban and Rural Areas. Third Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Cambodia has been implementing a social marketing program since December 1993. The objectives of the 2007 study were to 1) determine the coverage and quality of coverage of PSI’s HIV and birth spacing products, 2) identify PSI’s HIV prevention and birth spacing product market penetration, and 3) estimate the level of access to HIV products among high risk populations. The MAP methodology employs the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling technique to draw a random sample of 19 enumeration areas in each of the supervision zones for this study. Number One Condom, Number One Plus Lubricant, and OK Condom are all widely available in urban areas, but coverage in rural areas remains low. In high risk areas, only brothels are considered to be adequately covered by Number One Condom, as opposed to guesthouses and military bases where none of the three products is commonly available. PSI should focus on making durable Number One / OK promotional items available in priority outlets.
  Download PDF 245 KB
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Caribbean (2007): TRaC-M:  Sex Workers in Dominica and Men Who Have Sex With Men In St Vincent & the Grenadines and Trinidad & Tobago


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Nicaragua (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Jóvenes de 15 a 24 años de Ciudad León, Nicaragua. Segunda Ronda.


View abstractAbstract:
Este estudio es la segunda ronda de investigación para monitorear cambios en comportamiento saludable desde 2005 con respeto a un programa informativo de PASMO. Un cuestionario fue dado a 1000 jóvenes de 15-24 años de edad en el Ciudad León, Nicaragua, usando una muestra representiva de las áreas en que el programa existe. Los investigadores pidieron información sobre el nivel de exposición al programa y sus comportamientos sexuales relacionado a Oportunidad, Habilidad, y Motivación (OHM). Los resultados muestran que casi 50% de los jóvenes usa condones con todas parejas sexuales, y que 16% ha asistido a una actividad informative de PASMO. La mayoridad de los jóvenes no sexualmente activos demostra conocimiento de las maneras de transmission del VIH y los riesgos de tener sexo sin usar condón, y también discute estes temas con adultos. Sin embargo, los jóvenes sexualmente activos opinan que son capaz de rechazar relaciones sexuales sin usar condón, y también aceptan la responsibilidad de usar condones. Los investigadores recomiendan que el programa continue reforzar el uso correcto de condones y otros métodos de prevenir el VIH/SIDA, incluyendo el uso de lubricantes a base de agua, y faciliar servicios y recursos adecuados y accesibles.
 Download PDF 213 KB
• Cambodia (2007): Reproductive Health TRaC: Baseline Study of Modern Contraceptive Use Among Women of Reproductive Age in Kampot and Kampong Thom, Cambodia. First round.
View abstract
Abstract: Since 2001, PSI/Cambodia has been implementing a social franchising service called Sun Quality Health Network, which aims to increase access and availability of quality family health services to low income and vulnerable populations through a franchise of private sector providers. This baseline RH-TRaC survey was conducted among a cross-sectional sample of 750 women in Kampot andKampong Thom provinces using a multi-stage cluster sampling design. Results show that 42.6% of respondents reported currently using a modern method. Only 24.4% of women reported that contraceptive methods are available in a variety of outlets in their community and women believe that birth spacing services are of good quality. PSI should increase availability of modern methods in terms of both variety of outlets and price and encourage women to discuss birth spacing methods with their husbands and healthcare providers.
  Download PDF 237 KB
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Burundi (2007) : Etude TRac Sur Les Determinants de L’utilisation Consistante du Condom Chez les Femmes Professionnelles du Sexe avec Leurs Clients. Premier Passage.


 Download PDF 186 KB
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Botswana (2007): HIV Prevention with Men and Women Aged 15-34. First Round.


 Download PDF 418 KB
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Russian Federation (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Injecting Drug Users in Samara and Saratov. Second Round.


 Download PDF 179 KB
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Zambia (2007): Family Planning TRaC Study: Determinants of Oral Contraceptive Use Among Zambian Women. Second Round.

 


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Nepal (2007):Malaria Social Marketing TRaC and Net Coverage Survey in Six Districts of Nepal: Phase II of the Malaria Prevention Program. First Round.


 Download PDF 285 KB
• Mali (2007): Evaluation de la Campagne de Distribution des Moustiquaires Imprégnées dans les Régions de Tombouctou et Gao dans le Cadre de la Semaine d’Intensification des Activités de Nutrition (SIAN 2007)
View abstractAbstract: Dans le cadre d’une expérience pilote, PSI Mali en collaboration avec le ministère de la santé et sur financement de l’USAID a distribué gratuitement environ 196.000 moustiquaires imprégnées aux enfants âgés de 6 à 59 mois dans les régions de Tombouctou et Gao pendant la sémaine d’intensification des activités de nutrition. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer cette grande campagne de distribution des moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticides dans les régions de Tombouctou et Gao. La méthodologie utilisée est le LQAS (Lot Quality Assurance Sampling ou échantillonnage d’assurance qualité par lot). Cette étude est basée sur des interviews individuelles réalisées auprès d’un échantillon de 722 ménages comprenant 4878 personnes dont 1924 enfants âgé de 6 à 59 mois. Cette étude a été conduite dans les régions de Tombouctou et Gao, elle a donc fait intervenir 19 zones de supervision, sélectionnées de façon aléatoire dans chaque région. Il apparaît que la campagne de distribution des moustiquaires imprégnées dans les régions de Tombouctou et Gao dans le cadre de la semaine d’intensification des activités de nutrition ont eu un impact positif sur l’utilisation des moustiquaires imprégnées dans le cadre de la prévention du paludisme dans ces deux régions. IL est souhaitable d’intensifier les activités de communication en faveur de l’utilisation des moustiquaires imprégnées pendant toute l’année pour garantir l’efficacité de cette protection.  Download PDF 86 KB
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Benin (2007): Déterminants de l’utilisation systématique du condom chez les Travailleuses de sexe de 15-29 ans avec les partenaires non payants au Bénin. Premier passage.

 

 


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Benin (2007) : Déterminants de l’utilisation systématique du condom chez les Routiers avec les partenaires occasionnels dans les zones d'intervention des projets IMPACT et KfW au Bénin. Premier passage.


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Burundi (2007): Enquête TRaC – M Evaluation de la portée des messages des programmes VIH/SIDA et SMI.


 Download PDF 239 KB
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Kenya (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study, Evaluating Condom use among youth aged between 15 and 24 years, in Kenya: 4th Round.


 Download PDF 567 KB
• Panamá (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Trabajadoras Sexuales Femeninas en Ciudad Panamá, Darien y Veraguas. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 332 KB
• Guinée(2007) : Enquête MAP Sur La Couverture, La Qualite de Couverture, L’Acces et L’Equite D’Access des Produits de Marketing Social dans les Quatre Régions Naturelles.
 Download PDF 229 KB
• Bénin (2007) : VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer les Déterminants de l’Utilisation Systematique du Condom chez les Jeunes Apprentis non mariés de (15-24 ans) avec les Partenaires Occasionnels dans les Zones d'Intervention. Premier Passage.
 Download PDF 54 KB
• Bénin (2007) : VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer les Déterminants de l’Utilisation Systematique du Condom chez les Jeunes élèves/étudiants Non Mariés de (15-24 ans) des Zones d'Intervention. Premier Passage.
 Download PDF 53 KB
• El Salvador (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Trabajadoras Sexuales Femeninas en San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Miguel, Sonsonate y San Vicente. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 401 KB
• Guatemala (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Trabajadoras Sexuales Femeninas en Ciudad de Guatemala, Escuintla, Izabal, Quetzaltenango y Suchitepequez. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 517 KB
• Honduras (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Trabajadoras Sexuales Femeninas en Atlántida, Cortés, Comayagua, Choluteca y Francisco Morazán. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 428 KB
• Tanzania (2007): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage, and Quality of Coverage of PSI’s Socially Marketed Products, and Access to Condoms. Second Round.
View abstractAbstract: PSI/Tanzania is engaged in the social marketing of health products that treat malaria, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal disease. The products are distributed via a variety of outlets, primarily using a commercial distribution network. This measuring access and performance report employs lot quality assurance sampling techniques to draw a random sample of 19 enumeration areas served by distributers in rural areas. The samples were drawn from Tanzania’s 2002 national census and include five supervision zones. This second round compares distribution performances in different locations between the baseline and follow-up study. Results show that liquid WaterGuard was the least available product but the national coverage for condom products increased. Minimum quality standards were usually met where the products were available, though promotional material was found rarely across zones. Stock outs are a common problem. The level of market penetration in rural areas varies widely.  Download PDF 724 KB
• Nicaragua (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Trabajadoras Sexuales Femeninas en Chinandega, Managua, Masaya, RAAS y Nueva Segovia. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 520 KB
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Honduras (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Jóvenes de 15 a 24 años de San Pedro Sula y Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Segunda Ronda.

 


View abstractAbstract:
Este estudio es la segunda ronda de investigación para monitorear cambios en comportamiento saludable desde 2005 con respeto a un programa informativo de PASMO. Un cuestionario fue dado a 1005 jóvenes de 15-24 años de edad en Tegucigalpa y San Pedro Sula, Honduras, usando una muestra representiva de las áreas en que el programa existe. Los investigadores pidieron información sobre el nivel de exposición al programa y sus comportamientos sexuales relacionado a Oportunidad, Habilidad, y Motivación (OHM). Los resultados muestran que el conocimiento entre los jóvenes de las maneras de transmisión del VIH aumentó mientras opinions falsas disminuió. Los jóvenes no sexualmente activo tienen más conocimiento de los riesgos de tener relaciones sexuales sin usar condón, y también tienen más autoeficacia en determinar el inicio de actividad sexual. Por fin, los jóvenes sexualmente activos que usan condones se sienten mas capaz de proponer los condones a sus parejas, mientras los no usuarios tienen actitudes menos receptivos al uso de condones. Los investigadores recomiendan que el programa continue reforzar el uso correcto de condones y otros métodos de prevenir el VIH/SIDA, incluyendo el uso de lubricantes a base de agua, y faciliar productos en lugares mas convenientes. También, es importante reforzar el autoeficacia y ubicación de control entre los jóvenes ya activos sexualmentes.
 Download PDF 243 KB
• Guatemala (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA en hombres que tiene sexo con hombres en Ciudad de Guatemala, Escuintla, Izabal, Quetzaltenango y Suchitepéquez. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 399 KB
• Honduras (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Hombres que tienen sexo con otros Hombres en Choluteca, Comayagua, Atlántida, Cortés y Francisco Morazán. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 422 KB
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México (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/Sida. Evaluación del Uso del Condón en Hombres que Tienen Sexo con Hombres en Cinco Ciudades Mexicanas. Primera Ronda.


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• Romania (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating the Effect of a POL-type Program among Men who have Sex with Men in Bucharest. Third Round.
View abstract
Abstract: Since November 2005, PSI/Romania has been implementing a program which targets men who have sex with men in Bucharest, Romania. The purpose of the program is to increase safer sexual behavior among men who frequent gay clubs through interpersonal communication. The intervention leverages the dynamic of social diffusion by recruiting popular opinion leaders to advocate for sexually responsible behavior with their peers during everyday conversations. PSI/R targeted two clubs in Bucharest for the third survey round. The study employed a take-all approach without sampling. Exposure to the program was defined as exposure to conversations about safe sex and getting tested for STIs and HIV. Results show that the program interventions had the most impact after round one and then were maintained or slightly decreased. Many people consistently use condoms and have ever had an STI or HIV test. Further inquiry into what drives and sustains condom behavior is needed and future programs should target those with multiple partners.
  Download PDF 121 KB
• Kenya (2007): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating Bed Net Ownership and Use among Pregnant Women and Children under 5 (years). Third Round.
 Download PDF 228 KB
• Central Asia (2007): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of CSWs in Tashkent, Osh and Khujand. First Round.
 Download PDF 224 KB
• Panamá (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Hombres que tiene sexo con hombres en Ciudad Panamá, Darien y Veraguas. Segunda Ronda.
 Download PDF 391 KB
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Guatemala (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Jóvenes de 15 a 24 años de Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala. Segunda Ronda.


View abstractAbstract:
Este estudio es la segunda ronda de investigación para monitorear cambios en comportamiento saludable desde 2005 con respeto a un programa informativo de PASMO. Un cuestionario fue dado a 1001 jóvenes de 15-24 años de edad en el Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, usando una muestra representiva de las áreas en que el programa existe. Los investigadores pidieron información sobre el nivel de exposición al programa y sus comportamientos sexuales relacionado a Oportunidad, Habilidad, y Motivación (OHM). Los resultados muestran que el uso de lubricantes a base de agua durante el ultimo relación sexual ha aumentado muy significativamente (de 0.6% a 25.4%). Casi 50% de los respondedores tienen aceso a los condones cerca de sus casas, y también han escuchado los mensajes del programa por radio. El estudio muestra también que la idea de ubicación de control es muy fuerte en determinar los comportamientos sexuales saludables; los jovenes no sexualmente activo y los que usan condones regularmente muestran una ubicación de control mejor. Los investigadores recomiendan que el programa continue reforzar el uso correcto de condones y otros métodos de prevenir el VIH/SIDA, además de la promulgación de mensajes acerca de parejas fijas y menos parejas sexuales entre los jovenes sexualmente activos.
 Download PDF 185 KB
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El Salvador (2007): Estudio TRaC de VIH/SIDA entre Jóvenes de 15 a 24 años de San Salvador, El Salvador. Segunda Ronda.

 


View abstractAbstract:
Este estudio es la segunda ronda de investigación para monitorear cambios en comportamiento saludable desde 2005 con respeto a un programa informativo de PASMO. Un cuestionario fue dado a 1021 jóvenes de 15-24 años de edad en San Salvador, El Salvador, usando una muestra representiva de las áreas en que el programa existe. Los investigadores pidieron información sobre el nivel de exposición al programa y sus comportamientos sexuales relacionado a Oportunidad, Habilidad, y Motivación (OHM). Los resultados muestran que no son diferencias significativos entre el grupo 2005 y el grupo 2007 con respeto a uso de condones y edad del inicio de relaciones sexuales. Los jovenes sexualmente activos son más influenciados por normas sociales que promueven el sexo que los no sexualmente activos, y tienen actitudes más abiertos sobre la gente con VIH/SIDA. Aunque fueron diferencias significativos en el número de parejas fijas y habilidad de usar un condón correctamente, la intervención no fue exclusivamente responsible por estos cambios en comportamiento porque son también cambios significativos entre los grupos referencias entre 2005 y 2007. Los investigadores recomiendan que el programa continue reforzar el uso correcto de condones y otros métodos de prevenir el VIH/SIDA, además de la promulgación de mensajes acerca de parejas fijas y menos parejas sexuales entre los jovenes sexualmente activos.
 Download PDF 238 KB
2006
• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Female Sex Workers in Seven Top Réseau Clinics. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In November 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a baseline survey designed to investigate practices on HIV and STI prevention and treatment among high risk groups. High risk groups include female sex workers, members of the military, mobile men, and sexually active youth aged 15-24. For this study, female sex workers were randomly sampled from high-risk meeting places in seven cities. A total of 1132 females were interviewed. This survey found that self-efficacy and social norms were significant determinants of condom use at last sex with client. Female sex workers who were older, had a secondary level of education, or were part of a higher socioeconomic group were more likely to use condoms. Future programs need to address perceptions that female sex workers usually want to use condoms with their clients. They should also focus on increasing self-efficacy in using condoms correctly, and teach females how to persuade their clients to use condoms and how to refuse unprotected sex.
 Download PDF 171 KB
• Namibia (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating Ownership and Use of Insecticide Treated Nets in Two Northern Regions. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: In April 2006 the Social Marketing Association (SMA), Population Services International’s (PSI) local affiliate in Namibia, conducted a household survey designed to investigate the important determinants of insecticide treated nets (ITN) use by households, focusing on those with pregnant women and children under five. The study also aimed to determine the current levels of a) household ITN ownership and use by under fives and pregnant women and b) opportunity, ability and motivation (OAM) related determinants of ITN use. The survey served as a baseline survey for future use. A multiple time cross-sectional study design was used to identify determinants of behavior, monitor progress and evaluate programmatic impact. Two hundred and forty households with pregnant women and/or children under the age of five were randomly selected from two regions in Namibia. Results show that 55.6% of households own a net and 80.8% of these households owning at least one insecticide treated net. Almost 100% of households could name at least two signs of malaria while 86.4% knew that pregnant women and children under five are at most risk for malaria. Susceptibility for pregnant women and children under the age of five were found to be significant different determinants of net ownership (and net use). Households in Oshana were 2.082 times more likely to be net users than in Kavango, although Kavango has higher malaria prevalence (25.6%) than Oshana (8%).  Download PDF 148 KB
• China (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Access, Coverage, Penetration, and Quality of Coverage: Hu Xianghao Condoms and Lubricants in Hotzones in Yunnan Province, China. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The goal of PSI/China’s programs is to crease HIV in most at risk populations through the use of innovative behavior change communications and provision of health products. Since 2004, PSI/China has socially marketed Huxianghao condoms in order to increase the access, availability, and affordability of HIV prevention products for female sex workers and injecting drug users. A survey was conducted in 4 cities where such products have been distributed within Yunnan province. GPS coordinates were collected at hotspots where female sex workers and drug users were thought to frequent. The average coverage of our products was 9.2%. Where they were available, condom visibility was acceptable at 38.5% of traditional outlets selling condoms. Access to condoms was more frequent among female sex workers compared to drug users. PSI/China should seek greater efforts to put condoms in non0traditional outlets in Kaiyuan and Gejiu towns and pay more attention to attracting drug users. New coverage criteria should be created and information about hotspots should be updated frequently.
  Download PDF 197 KB
• Thailand (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Transgenders in Pattaya. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The purpose of this study is to examine trends in consistent condom use with each partner type and consistent water-based lubricant use among transgenders in Pattaya, Thailand. Respondent-driven sampling was used to collect data from 400 transgenders aged 15-35. The self-administered questionnaire collected demographic information, sexual behavior, condom, and lubricant information, and information on exposure to PSI’s products and interventions. Data analysis found that PSI interventions were successful in improving beliefs about the benefits of water-based lubricants over oil-based. Condom use at last sex with all partner types significantly decreased from 2005 to 2006, although PSI interventions may have helped to slow the negative trend in some areas. Consistent condom use was also down. PSI should continue to heavily promote consistent condom use by emphasizing the risk of HIV and STI transmission from all partners, and promote the benefits of water-based lubricants via its role in facilitating condom use. PSI should also encourage transgenders to receive treatment at various facilities, where key messages can be disseminated.
 Download PDF 893 KB
• Thailand (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Injecting Drug Users in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract:The purpose of this study is to examine trends in needle sharing and consistent condom use with partners of injecting drug users (IDUs) in three urban areas of Thailand. Respondent-driven sampling was used to collect data among 400 IDUs aged 15-45 who live or work in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai. The questionnaire collected information on demographic characteristics, needle-sharing practices, personal drug use, and exposure to PSI products and interventions. UNIANOVA analyses were performed to identify significant trends in behavior, determinants, and the impact of PSI’s interventions on behavior and determinants. The study revealed that social norms about sharing needles and equipment among friends improved from 2005 to 2006. Negative trends were detected in knowledge about the risk of HIV infection from needle sharing, IDU’s perceived susceptibility for infection when sharing needles, and condom use. Such trends are worrison and merit special attention during programming. PSI programs need to increase exposure in special ways to this unique population.
 Download PDF 1,187 KB
• Cambodia (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Karaoke Women with Sweethearts in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Second Round.
View abstractAbstract: In 2005, PSI/Cambodia launched a media campaign called Klahan to increase condom use in sweetheart and spousal relationships. The campaign was aimed at people in trusting relationships with the objective to promote condom use in these relationships. Two surveys have since been conducted among Karaoke women with sweethearts to identify determinants of condom use at last sex and consistent condom use with sweethearts, as well as monitor behavior changes and evaluate the impact of the Klahan campaign with this target group. The respondents are Karaoke women with sweethearts between the ages of 18-30. Data were collected from women working in Karaoke establishments in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap using a self-weighted two-stage cluster sample design. Results show that consistent condom use with paying partners rose from 82% in 2005 to 91% in 2006. Yet the proportion of Karaoke women who reported using a condom at last sex decreased from 61% to 52%. Condom users were more likely to believe that condoms are appropriate and necessary to use with a sweetheart, and intend to use a condom during their next sexual act compared to those who do not use condoms. Evaluation results indicate that high exposure to the campaign may have contributed to increased consistent condom use, but other circumstances could have also lead to the observed changes in condom use.  Download PDF 276 KB
• Cambodia (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of PSI Condoms, Lubricant, and Hormonal Contraceptives in Urban and Rural Areas. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: Project Measuring Access and Performance (MAP) aims to determine the coverage and quality of coverage of PSI’s HIV and birth spacing products. There are specific research objectives for this project: 1) Determine the coverage and quality of coverage of PSI’s HIV and birth spacing products in rural and urban areas, Phnom Penh, military bases and urban brothels, 2) Identify PSI HIV and birth spacing product market penetration in traditional and non-traditional outlets in Phnom Penh and urban areas, 3) Identify HIV product market penetration among high risk non-traditional outlets, including karaoke bars, massage parlors, beer gardens, guesthouses, and brothels in Phnom Penh, and 4) Understand equity and inequity of access to HIV products among high risk populations. In 2006, four types of supervision areas were included in this study: rural villages, urban communes, Phnom Penh sangkats, and military camps. Data were collected in selected supervision areas from traditional outlets, non-traditional outlets, non-traditional high-risk outlets, and brothels. The Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) technique was used to draw a sample of 19 rural villages in each province containing a PSI/Cambodia regional office, 19 provincial urban communes, and 19 sangkats in Phnom Penh. Coverage of PSI HIV and birth spacing products increased or remained relatively stable in Phnom Penh sangkats from 2005 to 2006. However, rural areas in provinces containing a regional office reported relatively low coverage for many products. Considerable coverage variation existed between provinces in which rural villages were sampled. Lack of customer demand for HIV and birth spacing products was the primary reason outlet owners cited for not selling PSI products.
  Download PDF 743 KB
• Rwanda (2006): Planification Familiale Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer l'Utilisation des Méthodes Contraceptives Modernes. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:Le Rwanda, est à l’instar d’autres pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, confronté à plusieurs défis en matière de santé de la reproduction. Le niveau de la pratique contraceptive est très bas et l’indice synthétique de fécondité est l’un des plus élevés du continent. C’est pourquoi, PSI a mis en œuvre un programme de marketing social en vue de contribuer à améliorer la disponibilité des produits de santé notamment le condom et la moustiquaire imprégnée afin de faciliter l’accès à ces produits par les populations démunies. L’enquête a porté sur un échantillon représentatif de 7000 femmes de 15-49 ans. Un sondage aléatoire stratifié a été utilisé avec comme strates les 6 anciennes provinces du pays. La prévalence contraceptive est très faible au Rwanda, bien que lors de l’enquête, la plupart des femmes interrogées aient dit qu’elles connaissent au moins une méthode moderne de contraception. L’injectable et la pilule sont les méthodes contraceptives modernes les plus utilisées. Six facteurs ont été identifiés comme étant des déterminants significatifs de l’utilisation des méthodes contraceptives modernes. Le bilan sur les indicateurs de santé de la reproduction des femmes rwandaises conduit aux recommandations suivantes : 1) Continuer la promotion de la planification familiale auprès des populations car la connaissance des méthodes contraceptives est encore faible par rapport aux autres pays du continent. 2) Présenter les injectables et les pilules comme des méthodes efficaces pour la prévention des grossesses non désirées et sans effets secondaires néfastes pour la santé de la femme et de l’enfant. 3) Renforcer la sensibilisation sur le double rôle du condom.
  Download PDF 187 KB
• Ethiopia (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating Ownership and Use of Insecticide Treated Nets among Pregnant Women and Children Under Five in SNNPR. First Round.
View abstractAbstract: In July 2006, PSI/Ethiopia conducted a baseline household survey among mothers of children under five in two zones of Ethiopia. The purpose was to investigate practices related to malaria prevention using insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITN). A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used and 804 women were recruited from rural and urban areas. The population was segmented by whether they used ITNs or not and UNIANOVAS run to assess statistically significant difference between the two groups. Results show that 40% of households had at least one ITN and 14% had more than one. Nearly 10% of urban households had purchased a PSI/Ethiopia SafeNite branded ITN. Households that did not have ITNs seemed to be less aware of their attributes compared to those who did not use an ITN. Knowledge about ITNs preventing malaria and improve self-efficacy can help more people purchase and use ITNs.  Download PDF 122 KB
• Zimbabwe (2006): HIV Prevention TRaC Study among the General Population(15-49 years). Second Round.
View abstractAbstract: This report presents the findings of the second round of a national survey of HIV-related behaviors and behavioral determinants in Zimbabwe. The main objectives of the survey were to estimate changes in reported behavior and behavioral determinants among 15-49 year old males and females, evaluate PSI’s programme interventions, and identifying drivers of behavior change. A number of behaviors were assessed such as, condom use, and knowledge of HIV status. A total of 2200 respondents were interviewed in the 2006 survey. This is equally split between urban and rural areas (50% urban and 50% rural). Four and five-point Likert scales were also used to provide a richer measure of behavioral determinants such as perceptions of product and service availability, outcome expectations and other constructs. The measures for these variables were constructed based on prior research and were included in the analysis after conducting a reliability and validity check where applicable. After data collection, logistic regression, analysis of variance, and other descriptive statistics were used to perform the monitoring, evaluation, and segmentation analysis. Reported consistent condom use with regular partners remained stable and low between the two rounds. About 15% of all youths report having had sex with a partner who was 10 or more years older in the past year. This is high as it represents 35% of sexually active young women, 15-24 years. The proportion reporting ever been tested increased significantly from 20% in 2005 to 24% in 2006. However, some of the major determinants of ’knowledge of status’ such as outcome expectations did not change in the positive direction within the referenced period.  Download PDF 163 KB
• Haiti (2006): Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, Qualité de la Couverture, le Pénétration, et l’Accès des Préservatifs. Premier Passage.
View abstractAbstract: PSI/HAITI distribue actuellement huit (8) produits de marketing social : les condoms (Pantè et Reyalite), les contraceptifs hormonaux pour la planification familiale (Pilplan et Confiance) et les produits de Santé Maternelle et Infantile (Sèl Lavi, Baby Fer, Pur et Serena). Cette étude MAP (Mesure de l’accès et de la performance) avait pour objectifs de déterminer les niveaux de la couverture, de la qualité de la couverture, de pénétration et d’accès de ces différents produits de marketing social de PSI/Haïti dans les zones de résidence à travers les sept régions d’interventions de PSI/Haïti. La méthode LQAS (Lot Quality Assurance Sampling ) a été utilisée pour sélectionner l’échantillon et faire l’analyse des résultats. Un échantillon de 19 unités est suffisant pour fournir des estimations avec une marge d’erreur acceptable pour prendre les décisions. Tous les points de vente potentiels ont été visités à l’intérieur de chaque SDE sélectionnée et un formulaire a été rempli pour chacun d’elles. Au niveau national, Pantè est disponible dans la moitié des zones enquêtées. De grandes différences sont constatées entre les régions. Pour ce qui est de la qualité de la couverture, les critères établis ne sont pas souvent bien respectés. Pantè est vendu 20 % plus cher et Reyalite 90 % plus cher que le prix recommandé qui est de 10 gourdes. Les ruptures de stocks sont assez fréquentes tant pour Pantè que Reyalite, la présence de produits non expirés dans les pointe de vente (PDV), de même la date valide et la visibilité du produit et des matériels de promotion ne sont pas toujours respectées.  Download PDF 319 KB
• Rwanda (2006): Paludisme Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer l'Utilisation de la Moustiquaire Imprégnée d’Insecticide chez les Femmes Enceintes ou Ayant à Charge un Enfant Âgé de Moins de 5 Ans. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:Le paludisme constitue un problème majeur de santé publique au Rwanda comme dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne. L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser les connaissances, les attitudes et les comportements des populations face au paludisme afin de faciliter la compréhension des déterminants de l’utilisation de la moustiquaire en générale et en particulier la moustiquaire imprégnée. L’enquête a porté sur un échantillon représentatif de 7000 femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans. Un sondage aléatoire stratifié a été utilisé avec comme strates les 6 anciennes provinces du pays. Près de 33% des ménages possédaient une moustiquaire au moment de l’enquête. Les ménages urbains sont plus nombreux à posséder une moustiquaire que les ruraux. La moustiquaire imprégnée est le type de moustiquaire le plus possédé par les ménages. Plus de la moitié (77%) des chefs de ménage interrogés ont dit qu’ils savent traiter correctement la moustiquaire. Mais dans l’ensemble, 29% des femmes enquêtées ont déclaré qu’une moustiquaire avait été utilisée la nuit dernière et le pourcentage de celles qui ont utilisé la moustiquaire imprégnée est de 23%.
  Download PDF 266 KB
• Haiti (2006): Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, Qualité de la Couverture, le Pénétration, et l’Accès des Produits de Marketing Social (Santé Maternelle et Enfantile). Premier Passage.
View abstractAbstract: PSI/HAITI distribue actuellement en Haïti huit produits de marketing social : les condoms (Pantè et Reyalite), les produits pour la planification familiale (Pilplan et Confiance) et les produits de Santé maternelle et infantile (Sèl lavi, Baby fer, Pur et Serena). Le projet MAP (Mesure de l’accès et de la performance) avait pour objectifs de déterminer les niveaux de la couverture, de la qualité de la couverture, de pénétration et d’accès à ces produits de marketing social de PSI/HAITI dans les sept régions d’interventions de PSI/HAITI. La méthode LQAS (Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Techniques ) a été utilisée pour sélectionner l’échantillon et faire l’analyse des résultats. Un échantillon de 19 unités est suffisant pour fournir des estimations précises avec une marge d’erreur acceptable pour prendre les décisions. Au niveau national, PUR est disponible dans 24.5% des SDE, Babyfer l’est dans 22.7%, Sèl Lavi dans 38.8% et Serena dans 16.1%. Il faut noter que ces résultats ont un rapport avec la durée de présence de ces produits sur le marché haïtien. En ce qui a trait à la qualité de la couverture, les critères établis ne sont pas souvent bien respectés. Serena par exemple est vendu 48% plus cher que le prix recommandé qui est de 200 gourdes. Le non respect des prix recommandés, les ruptures de stocks, la faible présence des matériels de promotions dans les points de vente sont les principaux problèmes de qualité courants observés avec les produits de santé maternelle et infantile.  Download PDF 346 KB
• Russian Federation (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Men who have Sex with Men. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The objective of this study was to gather information regarding sexual-related behaviors among gay men in Russia. The primary areas of interest were sexual relationships, condom use, and health service utilization for HIV and STI testing. The survey was implemented on the internet. This method was chosen on the basis of a review of different methodologies used to reach this particular population and the positive experiences with internet surveys in the UK and Romania. The findings cannot be generalized but responses came from nearly all regions of the country. The sample size was over 3600. We found that condom use is lowest for regular partners and highest for occasional partners. Over half of respondents were tested for HIV in the past year, and a quarter reported being tested for an STI in the same period. While a majority felt they could refuse unprotected sex with an occasional partner, far fewer felt they could refuse unprotected sex with a regular partner. More than half agreed that condoms make sex less pleasant. PSI needs to address the perception that regular partners are safe partners, focus on increasing the target population’s self-efficacy in negotiating condom use with different partners, and portray that concern for one’s sexual health as a positive and desirable personality trait.
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• Lesotho (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Trust and Lovers Plus Condoms. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Lesotho (PSI/LS) is engaged in strategic interventions that fill the gap in the battle against HIV/AIDS. These interventions target the general population and key high risk groups in order to positively influence the barriers to increased condom use and ensure that condoms are widely available to protect against HIV/AIDS, other STIs, and unintended pregnancies. The condom brands were launched in February 2006 and distributed via a range of traditional and non-traditional outlets owned by PSI sales representatives. A PSI/LS MAP study was conducted several months afterward to measure coverage and quality of covered of these condoms in ten districts in Lesotho and in HIV high-risk zones in selected urban areas. MAP employs the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling technique to draw a random sample of 19 enumeration areas from each of the ten districts in Lethoso. The main findings show that PSI/LS condom coverage is fairly low, at 39% countrywide. Comparatively, coverage in urban areas is significantly higher with 95% compared to 17% in rural areas. In the high transmission areas, coverage is also high at 70%. We recommend increasing condom coverage in rural areas, increasing the visibility of condom products in outlets, and ensure shopowners sell condoms at the recommended price.
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• Russian Federation (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Injecting Drug Users in Samara and Saratov. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The objective of this study was to gather baseline data with respect to prevalence of HIV-risk and health-seeking behaviors, their determinants, and exposure to PSI-supported interventions among injecting drug users (IDU) in Samara and Saratov, Russia. This study used respondent-driven sampling. Reflecting the estimated number of drug users at each region, the sample was drawn from regional capitals and other selected municipal locations in the regions. Respondents were recruited through their peers using a system of coupons which allowed for tracking of referrals between respondents. Findings suggest that while exchange of injecting equipment is frequent among IDUs, paraphernalia sharing occurs much more often. IDUs receiving free syringes are more likely to share their syringes. A majority of IDUs admit to having unplanned sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and there is a widespread perception among IDUs that condoms make sex less pleasant. The scale and severity of overdose calls suggests this needs more focus. Condom use should be promoted across the whole spectrum of partners, but in particular with regular partners. IDUs should be encouraged to get annual testing for HIV and STIs and educated about their rights as a patient and the minimum requirements of health care they can expect.
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• Togo (2006): VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer l'Utilisation Consistante du Préservatif lors des Rapports Sexuels avec des Partenaires Non Habituels par les Militaires au Togo. Deuxième Passage.
View abstract
Abstract: Ce rapport présente les determinants de l’utilisation systématique du preservative lors des rapport sexuels avec les partenaires non habituels chez les militaries. Les données exploitées dans le cadre de ce rapport proviennent d’une étude auprès des militaries en mai 2006. Les analyses ont porté sur les militaries sexuellement actifs et ayant eu au cours des 12 derniers mois precedents l’enquête un partenaire sexuel en dehors de leur partenaire habituelle. Il faudra par ailleurs communiquer sur les facteurs tells que la motivation, la confiance et l’implication des partenaires seuels dans la prise de decision du port du preservative lors des rapports sexuels extraconjugaux. Les réresultats indiquent en outré que les activités de communication doivent être concentrées sur les adultes notamment sur les militaries ages de 35 ans ou plus. Enfin, les analyses suggèrent qu’il faut réorienter les messages des sensibilisations afin de viser un meilleur impact due projet.
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• Swaziland (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Condoms and VCT Services. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: Project MAP (Measuring Access and Performance) aims to increase the coverage, quality, equity of access, and efficiency of social marketing products and service delivery systems. Project MAP was undertaken to determine the coverage of PSI Swaziland’s socially marketed products and services such as New Start VCT Services and PSI branded condoms. The study was conducted using the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling statistical sampling method with spatial analysis methods to collect and analyze data to make an assessment of product availability and accessibility. The total number of urban and rural enumeration areas was uniquely identified by assigning them numerical codes and using randomized sampling to draw 19 EAs in each stratum. The study findings revealed that the coverage of condoms and quality of coverage is higher in urban areas than rural areas. Access to condoms was relatively equal amongst three districts and lower in one district. Out of stock levels and promotional materials are the main quality of coverage factors that require attention across the country. PSI should provide materials and resources to promote awareness and encourage outlet owners to stock condoms.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Abstinence among Youth (15-24 years). Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In 2004, the USAID-funded project of PSI/Madagascar operated its franchised network of private clinics under the name Top Réseau in six Malagasy towns. The clinics provided information and reproductive health services for youth. Using a comprehensive approach that integrates service delivery and communication for health, the project aimed to prevent HIV/AIDS and other STIs, as well as unplanned pregnancies among sexually active youth. Intervention activities were designed to motivate at-risk youth to adopt safer behaviors, including delayed onset of sexual activity, correct and consistent condom use, prompt treatment of STIs, and use of modern contraceptive methods. This study is based on two cross-sectional survey rounds in 2003 and 2006. Male and female respondents aged 15-24 were randomly sampled from households in four Top Réseau sites in 2003 and seven in 2006. In total, 4041 youth and 9364 youth were interviewed in 2003 and 2006, respectively. Findings indicate that abstinence increased significantly. Health program workers should continue to promote abstinence using the same methods they have been using for the past three years.
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• South Africa (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Lovers Plus and Trust Condoms in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg. First Round.
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Abstract: Project MAP aims to increase the coverage, quality of coverage, access, and efficiency of social marketing products and service delivery systems. PSI/South Africa undertook a project MAP study in Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban, which are the three main intervention areas of the condom social marketing program. The main goal was to ascertain the MAP objectives for Trust and Lovers Plus condoms among the general population and those residing in selected high transmission areas. Lot quality assurance sampling was employed, which allows for accurate estimates of coverage and quality of coverage for an entire supervision area. In each city, a representative sample of high transmission areas and low transmission areas were randomly selected. Most areas of the three cities meet the minimum standards for coverage but minimum requirements are met in Durban more so than in Johannesburg and Cape Town. Quality of coverage is best in Durban and worst in Johannesburg. In Cape Town, quality of coverage is also low, but the program had just begun when sampling took place. Lessons learned in Durban need to be implemented in Johannesburg and Cape Town in order to improve the standards in these cities. Measures should be taken to increase coverage and quality of coverage in all three cities.
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• Madagascar (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Insecticide Treated Nets among Pregnant Women and Mothers of Children Younger than Five Years. Second Round.
View abstractAbstract: In October and November 2006, PSI/M conducted a household survey designed to investigate practices related to malaria prevention. Additionally, PSI/M sought to assess household insecticide treated net coverage for a representative sample of women 15-49 years of age. The 2006 survey was a follow-up to a baseline conducted in October and November 2004. Both surveys aimed to provide evidence for social marketing decision making as well as to help measure the impact of various interventions and strategies. Pregnant women and caregivers with children under the age of 5 aged 15-49 years from all regions were eligible for the study. Multi-stage stratified sampling was used in both surveys. A total of 2,138 and 2,559 eligible women were recruited in rural and urban areas for the 2004 baseline and 2006 follow up studies respectively. The results suggest perception of availability and belief were found are significant determinants of ITN use. Willingness to pay was another significant determinant in the baseline survey. The data showed sharp increases in the ownership and use of ITNs over time. The 2006 survey showed that 45.1 percent of households owned at least one ITN compared to 21.9 percent in 2004 - a 74% increase in ownership over two years.  Download PDF 110 KB
• Caribbean (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC-M Study Evaluating Condom Use among Sex Workers in Dominica and Grenada and Men who have Sex with Men in St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Trinidad & Tobago. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In January 2006, PSI/Caribbean began a media campaign aimed at changing sexual behavior that elevates the risk of HIV infection and transmission among sex workers, men who have sex with men, and youth aged 15-24 in twelve countries. In July and August 2006, we conducted a TRaC survey among sex workers in Dominica and Grenada, and among men who have sex with men in St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. The purpose of the TRaC survey was to monitor condom use behavior, key output level indicators in the project’s logistical framework, and exposure to the intervention among these populations. Lot quality assurance sampling and respondent driven sampling were used to select randomly 19 respondents in each of the populations. We found that condom use is higher among men who have sex with men than among sex workers with their paying clients. Sex workers use condoms less frequently with their non-paying partners than with their paying partners. Men who have sex with men scored higher on nearly all indicators of determinants of behavior and had higher levels of exposure to the campaign than sex workers. Sex workers in both Dominica and Granada merit more intensive intervention.
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• Myanmar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Mobile Male Occupational Groups in Yangon, Mandalay, Lashio, and Myitkyina. Fourth Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Myanmar’s communication efforts are centered on a mascot or spokesperson called “Pothinyo”, the Burmese term for chameleon. The goal of PSI/Myanmar’s Pothinyo campaign is to improve HIV prevention among mobile men. Programmatic efforts between 2005 and 2006 focused on promoting safer sexual practices through the dissemination of messages that stressed the importance of correct and consistent condom use. Another focus of the intervention has been on the concept that one cannot recognize an HIV positive person just by their looks. A stratified cluster survey was used to collect data from 2,851 men in mobile occupational groups aged 15-60 who live or work in Yangon, Mandalay, Lashio, and Myitkyina, Myanmar. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant trends in behaviour, determinants of consistent condom use with FSWs among men who have visited FSWs, and the impact of PSI/Myanmar’s interventions on behaviour and its determinants. Results show that exposure to PSI/Myanmar’s interventions generated positive effects for condom self-efficacy, beliefs regarding condom efficacy, and reported adoption of condom use after hearing about HIV/AIDS.
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• Russian Federation (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Health Services and Health Providers Targeting High-Risk Groups in St. Petersburg. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The objective of this study was to provide baseline data for the evaluation of the services-based component of the PreventAIDS program in St. Petersburg, Russia. The program promotes healthy behaviors among selected target groups through behavior-change interventions and the improvement of the delivery of health services to populations at risk for HIV such as sex workers and injecting drug users. PreventAIDS also works with health institutions and health professionals to improve protection of confidentiality, the practice of effective referrals, and attitudes towards high-risk groups. The study gathered information using four components: qualitative interviews with health officials, a facility survey, a provider survey, and client-exit survey. The findings suggest that while minimum standards of quality are mostly fulfilled, individuals who need particularly sensitive treatment and/or intense follow-up within the health system, including referrals, are not likely to receive it. The Prevent AIDS program should focus on improving confidentiality and informed consent practices among health providers through training. Additionally, it should help establish a network of referrals for both the case management functions, as well as an independent network among most relevant health and social services. Finally, PreventAIDS should work with providers to challenge prejudicial attitudes towards high-risk individuals, preferably through a participatory and innovative approach.
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• Romania (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating the Effect of a POL-type Program among Men who have Sex with Men in Bucharest. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the PSI/Romania popular opinion leader intervention piloted in gay male clubs in Bucharest. The popular opinion leaders advocated for sexually responsible behavior with their peers during everyday conversation. Research objectives included measuring the implementation of the intervention, measuring exposure to the intervention, and correlating exposure with desired changes in health behaviors such as protected sexual intercourse and use of health services for STI and HIV testing. The study employed a take-all approach without sampling because only one club was frequented. The intervention significantly increased the number of conversations about safer sex and STI and HIV testing. In addition, the intervention clearly resulted in significantly higher proportions of individuals being tested for STIs in the previous two months. It is not clear if the intervention caused a decreased number of unprotected sexual acts or an increased use in condoms. Leaders should, in the future, continue to promote more discussions about condom use.
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• India (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Truck Drivers, Laborers, and Fishermen in Twelve Port Cities. Third Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the Integrated Behavior Change Communication (iBCC) components of the Operation Lighthouse (OPL) project. OPL was an HIV prevention program targeting high-risk groups in 12 port cities in India. The study aimed to measure changes among truckers, port and migrant laborers, and fishermen in the following behaviors: proportion reporting non-spousal sexual partners, condom use with non-spousal partners, and ever had an HIV test. The study comprises of three survey rounds, taken in 2002, 2004, and 2006. The three rounds of surveys utilized a fixed one-level cluster design, with systematic random sampling of individuals within clusters. Examination of behavioral trends over time reveals an increase in risk as well as safe behaviors for both truckers and other high-risk males. The proportion of men reporting non-spousal sexual partners increased, but exposure to the iBCC activities is also associated with the increases reported in condom use at last sex and increased HIV testing. In a number of behavioral and determinant indicators, a correlation is shown between the increased intensity of exposure to the program and increased levels of the indicators. This suggests that higher levels of intensity can significantly improve the desired outcome.
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• Haiti (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Youth (15-24 years). First Round.
View abstractAbstract: PSI/Haiti’s youth HIV/AIDS prevention program promotes responsible and risk-free sexual behavior. Three areas of focus are delayed sexual debut, partner reduction, and condom use. The 2006 Youth TRaC study sought to describe current levels on key behaviors, determinants of behavior, and exposure to PSI programming, and identify opportunity, ability, and motivation-related determinants of HIV/AIDS preventive behaviors. A nationally representative sample of 2,155 youth aged 15 to 24 were selected for this survey. A three-stage stratified sampling strategy was used. The data reveal low rates of HIV/AIDS preventive behaivors among Haitian youth ages 15 to 24. About a third of youth (31%) have never had sex. A little more than half of sexually active youth only have one partner (53%) and 62% of sexually active youth have ever used condoms. While condom use with paid partners is high (79%) consistent condom use is low (23%). Overall, youth had lower means on ability-related determinants than opportunity and motivation-related determinants. Level of youth exposure to PSI advertisements was highest for the PSI Panté/condom use media activities. Few OAM variables were found to differentiate use of commercial sector condoms from use of social marketing condoms. Social norms and attitudes were significant determinants of using social marketing condoms while willingness to pay was a significant predictor of using commercial sector condoms.  Download PDF 2,108 KB
• Laos (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating Net Use among the General Population Living in Malaria Endemic Areas. Second Round.
View abstractAbstract: Malaria is the most serious health problem Laos faces today. It is estimated that nearly 80% of the Lao population, or 4 million people, live in areas where malaria is endemic. In June 2004, PSI/Laos conducted a baseline survey among the general population living in malaria endemic areas of five southern provinces. This survey sought to monitor the implementation of PSI/Laos’ Malaria Control Program and measure trends in malaria-related behavior, product use and opportunity, and ability and motivation (OAM) factors over time, and to evaluate the program’s impact on malaria prevention behaviors by comparing behaviors of those exposed and not exposed to PSI/Laos’ activities. All males and females aged 15 to 49 from randomly selected household were eligible to participate with a preference given to female heads-of-households. Mosquito net use was found to be nearly universal at baseline and follow up. ITN use was found to increase significantly over time with over 72.8% of respondents reporting sleeping under ITNs last night by 2006. People who slept under an ITN last night were found to be more likely to know where to obtain ITN retreatment, know that ITNs need re-treatment, know how to retreat ITNs, think it is possible to prevent malaria, believe they are “very likely” to contract malaria if they do not consistently use an ITN, have spent money on malaria prevention in the last year, and have ever used a PowerNet. Program exposure appears to have had an impact on mosquito net use and LLTN use. Program exposure also appears to have influenced 6 factors: knowledge of transmission, the belief that ITNs are the best method of malaria prevention, knowledge of how to retreat ITNs with insecticide, the belief that spending money to prevent malaria now helps to save money in the future, the belief that malaria is very common in the community, and the belief that children under 5 are “very likely” to contract malaria.  Download PDF 434 KB
• Haiti (2006): VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer l'Utilisation du Condom parmi les Travailleuses de Sexe. Premier Passage.
View abstractAbstract: Cette étude est le premier tour de la série d’étude TRaC auprès des Travailleuses de sexe sur l’utilisation des condoms dans les rapports sexuels en Haïti. Son principal objectif est d’identifier les déterminants-clés de l’utilisation des condoms avec les partenaires de cœur par les travailleuses de sexe. Son objectif secondaire est de fournir les niveaux de base des indicateurs de suivi du cadre logique et du programme de VIH/SIDA parmi les travailleuses de sexe. Le plan d’échantillonnage pour ce premier tour d’enquête est le Time/Location Sampling Plan. L’Enquête TRaC 2006 a révélé que le taux d’utilisation du condom par les Travailleuses de sexe est de 82.8 % avec les derniers clients et de 78.6% avec les partenaires de cœur. Moins de 3 travailleuses de sexe sur 10 ont utilisé le condom féminin au dernier rapport sexuel avec les clients ou les partenaires de cœur. En matière d’habileté, elles s’estiment très capables d’utiliser et de négocier l’utilisation du condom avec les clients. Des indicateurs inclus dans le modèle de prédiction de l’utilisation de condom au cours des relations sexuelles avec les partenaires de cœur, quatre se sont révélés importants pour prédire le comportement. Les travailleuses de sexe qui ont utilisé un condom provenant du Secteur de Marketing Social au cours de la dernière relation sexuelle sont plus à même de penser que les condoms obtenus gratuitement sont d’aussi bonne qualité que celles qui ont utilisé les condoms vendus dans le Secteur Commercial au cours de la dernière relation sexuelle. Les travailleuses de sexe qui ont utilisé un condom provenant du Secteur de Marketing Social au cours de la dernière relation sexuelle sont plus à même de penser que les condoms de marque Pantè sont fabriqués pour elles que celles qui ont utilisé un condom provenant du Secteur Public.  Download PDF 385 KB
• Zimbabwe (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Protector Plus Condoms. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: Project MAP (Measuring Access and Performance) aims to increase the coverage, quality of coverage, access, and efficiency of social marketing products and service delivery systems. A project MAP study was undertaken to determine the status of PSI/Zimbabwe’s Protector Plus (PP) condoms in the country using districts and specific high risk areas as supervision areas. Lot quality assistance sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 19 wards within each geographic category. Geographic categories include 61 districts and 24 high-risk areas. We found that access to PP is low across all districts. PP availability needs to be improved, particularly among areas with no or very low coverage and those wards with high population density. Promotional materials and sales visits need to be increased so that stock levels do not decrease. Outlets that are currently not stocking PP but willing to do so (half of outlets not stocking PP) present a great potential expansion for the program.
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• China (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Examining Condom Use among Female Sex Workers in Mengzi, Yunnan Province. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract:This study aimed to identify and describe segments of female sex workers (FSW) in terms of consistent condom use with commercial partners and condom use with regular partners. It also sought to gain an understanding of opportunity, ability, and motivational factors related to HIV risk behavior. Cluster sampling of FSW hotspots was used to collect data among 495 FSWs in Mengzi Province, China. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify significance factors associated with consistent condom use. Consistent condom use has increased among FSW from 39 to 62% from 2005 to 2006. Use with regular and commercial partners increased significantly. The evaluation analysis showed significant PSI program impact on having ever used a female condom, condom availability, believing that a condom brand does matter, not being embarrassed when buying condoms, and knowledge of two or more STI symptoms in women. PSI/China should focus on increasing activities that focus on condom negotiation skills with regular partners, reduce the emphasis on condoms as a disease prevention tool and create new media that link condoms with symbols of caring, and continue to increase condom availability.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections among High Risk Men in Seven Top Réseau Clinics. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:In November 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a baseline survey designed to investigate practices of HIV and STI prevention and treatment among high risk men. These groups include taxi drivers and rickshaw pullers, truckers, and migrant workers. 5185 high risk men were interview for this survey and results are presented in standard PSI dashboard form. Findings indicate that availability, self-efficacy, and willingness to pay were significant determinants of STI treatment seeking behavior. 82% of sexually active high risk men who had STI symptoms in the past 12 months reported getting treatment from a qualified provider. 18% of high risk men had an STI in the past 12 months. Current communication activities through mass media and peer education should continue to mainly focus on availability, self-efficacy, and willingness to pay. Programs need to increase availability and improve awareness of existing services. The price different in treatment kits (100 ariary at public sector facilities versus 1500 aviary at pharmacies) should be communicated to this population.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among High Risk Men in Seven Top Réseau Clinics. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:In November 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a baseline survey designed to investigate practices of HIV and STI prevention and treatment among high risk men. These groups include taxi drivers and rickshaw pullers, truckers, and migrant workers. 5185 high risk men were interview for this survey and results are presented in standard PSI dashboard form. Findings indicate that availability, social norms, self-efficacy, and belief were significant determinants of condom use at last sex with non-marital partners. High risk men with high levels of education or who were married were more likely to use condoms with non-marital partners. Levels of condom use with non-marital partners was 62% but higher with commercial partners. Program efforts should increase the actual and perceived availability of condoms. Activities should focus on high risk men who have low levels of education or who are unmarried.
  Download PDF 187 KB
• Madagascar (2006): Maternal and Child Health TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Sur’Eau Safe Water Solution among Children Younger than Five Years. Second Round.
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Abstract:In November 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a baseline household survey designed to investigate practices related to diarrhea prevention for a representative sample of women 15-49 years of age. The analysis of this survey limits the respondents to those who have children under the age of five. The 2006 survey was a follow-up to a 2004 survey and is used to measure trends of indicators related to PSI/Madagascar’s diarrhea prevention framework. The goal of the program is to reduce child mortality and morbidity due to diarrheal disease and distribute the Sur d’Eau water treatment product. The 2006 survey included 2489 women from rural and urban areas. Results indicate that social norm and self-efficacy remain the best determinants that differentiate Sur d’Eau users from non-users. While more people were not using the product in 2006 compared to 2004, perceptions of availability increased. Results improved significantly if a respondent was exposed to a communication activity. Therefore, communication and promotional activities should be used, and radio messages are particularly effective in being a source of information for rural women.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Partner Reduction among Youth (15-24 years). Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract:In the beginning of 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a household survey to assess selected reproductive health indicators for a representative sample of 15-24 year old youth. This is a follow-up from a cross-sectional survey taken in late 2003. Male and female respondents were randomly sampled from households in 4 areas in 2003 and 7 areas in 2006. 9364 youth were interviewed in 20006. The results show the percentage of youth who had fewer than two partners during the last 12 months increased significantly. A decrease was also noted for youth who ever had sexual intercourse. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations were found to be strong determinants of partner reduction. The results indicate positive trends, and so previously implemented and ongoing health communication interventions that promote partner reduction among sexually active youth should continue. A more in-depth analysis of the determinants that are correlated to partner reduction will provide further guidance for future activities.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Partner Reduction among High Risk Men in Seven Top Réseau Clinics. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:In November 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a baseline survey designed to investigate practices in HIV and STI prevention and treatment among high-risk groups. These high risk groups include female sex workers (FSW) and their clients, members of the military, mobile populations, and sexually active youth aged 15-24. This survey is a cross-sectional survey among high risk men in seven Top Réseau sites in Madagascar. High risk men include taximen, rickshaw pullers, truckers, and migrant workers. A total of 5185 high risk men were interviewed. In 2006, only self-efficacy was a significant determinant related to having sex with less than two partners during the last 12 months. Findings indicate that older men and those with little education were more likely to have one or no sexual partners in the past 12 months. 27% of high risk men had less than 2 sexual partners. Any future PSI communication campaign should address factors related to self-efficacy in order to reduce the high number of men with many sexual partners. This will be challenging given that self-efficacy rates are already quite high.
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• Rwanda (2006): VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC pour Évaluer les Déterminants de l’Utilisation du Condom par les Jeunes (15-29 Ans) Fréquentant les Bars et Boîtes de Nuit. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:Le Rwanda est confronté à des defies importants en matière de santé. Les jeunes sont particulièrement à risqué à cause de leurs comportements sexuels. PSI/Rwanda mène d’une décennie un programme de marketing social des produits de santé en vue de contribuer à faciliter l’accès à ces produits par les populations vulnérables et réduire les risques de grossesses non déirées et d’infection par les IST et le VIH/Sida dans la population générale et particulièrement chez les jeunes. L’objet de cette etude est d’analyser les connaissances, les attitudes et les comportements de ces jeune hauts riques afin de fournir des données de base pour l’élaboration et la mise en oeuvre des activités de ce programme a commence par la mise sur le marché d’une marque de condom dénommée . L’enquêe a été rélisée dans les villes de Kigali, Byumba et Gisenyi sur un échantillon de 2961 jeunes ages de 15 à 29 ans. Des analyses de regression logistique multivariées ont été réalisée en vue de determiner les facteurs qui influencent l’utilisation due condom sur le plan de la motivation, de l’opportunité et de la capacité. Les resultats montrent que les jeunes on tune bonne connaissance du Sida et des moyens de sa prevention. Mais ce savoir ne se traduit pas toujours dans les pratiques. L’âge moyen au premier rapport sexuel varie entre 17 ans chex les garçons et 17,3 ans chez les filles.
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• Haiti (2006): Enquête MAP sur la Couverture, Qualité de la Couverture, le Pénétration, et l’Accès des Contraceptifs Hormonaux. Premier Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI/HAITI distribue actuellement en Haïti huit produits de marketing social : les Condoms (Pantè et Reyalite), les hormonaux pour la planification familiale (Pilplan et Confiance) et les produits de Santé maternelle et infantile (Sèl lavi, Baby fer, Pur, Serena). Le projet MAP (Mesure de l’accès et de la performance) avait pour objectifs de déterminer les niveaux de la couverture, de la qualité de la couverture, de pénétration et d’accès à ces différents produits de marketing social de PSI/HAITI dans les sept régions d’interventions de PSI/H. Un échantillon de 19 Secteurs d’Enumérations a été tiré de façon aléatoire avec probabibilité proportionnelle à la taille (PPT) dans chaque Région, ce qui porte à 114 le nombre de zones d’Enumération dans lesquelles l’Enquête s’est déroulée. Au niveau national, Pilplan est disponible dans 23.7% des SDE et Confiance l’est dans 28.8%. Pour les deux produits, des différences importantes sont constatées entre les régions : pour Pilplan, la couverture est de 60% dans la région I/II et elle est estimée à moins de 20% dans la région V, et pour Confiance les taux de couverture varient de 20% dans les régions V et VII à 60% dans la région III. La couverture est plus faible dans les zones rurales mais l’écart entre les deux milieux de résidence est plus faible concernant la couverture en Pilplan.
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• China (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Injecting Drug Users in Kaiyuan City, Kunming City, and Yingjiang Town, Yunnan Province. Second Round.
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Abstract:PSI/China has provided programs for injecting drug users (IDUs) including peer education, drop-in-centers, and other activities based on previous studies among IDUs in 2004. In order to monitor the progress of the programs and improve them, this survey aims to gain an understanding of knowledge, attitudes, and risk behavior regarding HIV/AIDS, sexual practices, and needle sharing among IDUs. It also seeks to identify factors that increase IDUs opportunity, ability, and motivation to adopt risk-reducing behavior and evaluate programs provided by PSI/China. Probability proportional to size sampling was used to collect data among 547 IDUs in Kaiyuan, Yingjiang, and Kunming province compulsory detox centers. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant factors associated with consistent condom use and needle sharing. The proportion of IDUs who reported consistently using condoms rose from 12% to 21% between 2004 and 2006. Condom availability, condom self-efficacy, risk perception, and knowledge indicators related to HIV increased during the same period. PSI/China should improve IDU knowledge of effective needle cleaning and emphasize ways in which IDUs can avoid sharing needles. IDUs should also be encouraged to buy extra needles in advance and keep spare needles for friends.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Youth (15-24 years). Second Round.
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Abstract:In 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a household survey designed to investigate the reproductive health of 15-24 year old youth. The 2006 survey was a follow-up to a survey conducted in 2003 and the aim was to track changes in opportunity, ability, and motivation since then, and provide evidence for social marketing decision making. The programs evaluated include peer educators, mobile video unit sessions, televised youth debates, and radio and television spots that work together to motivate youth to practice safe sex behavior. For both surveys, male and female respondents, aged 15-24, were randomly sampled from households across the country. The 2003 sample included 4041 youth while the 2006 sample included 9352 youth. The survey found a decrease in the percentage of youth who received STI treatment compared to 2003. This reduction was especially prominent in urban areas. At the same time, youth perceived STI treatment services to be less expensive in 2006 than they were in 2003. These decreases are due to forces outside of PSI programs and an investigation is warranted.
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• Ethiopia (2006): Maternal and Child Health TRaC Study among Caregivers of Children Fourteen Years and Younger in Addis Ababa and SNNPR. First Round.
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Abstract:In July 2006, PSI/Ethiopia conducted a baseline household survey among mothers of children in Addis Ababa and two regions in Ethiopia. The survey was meant to investigate practices related to diarrhea prevention and treatment and de-worming. This survey establishes trends of indicators relating to the PSI/Ethiopia logistical framework. Shortly before this baseline survey, PSI/Ethiopia launched WaterGuard, an innovative point of use water purification system. The multi-stage cross-sectional stratified sample recruited a total of 1207 women in rural and urban areas. The main findings suggest that self-efficacy and social norms have the greatest impact on the adoption of the required behaviors to reduce diarrheal disease. In order to increase the use of WaterGuard, the program should focus on increasing the availability because there is a high demand of people wanting to treat their water. PSI/Ethiopia should promote enhanced availability and perceived availability. In order to increase the use of de-worming tablets, the program should focus on the susceptibility in combination with severity of children getting worms. In order to increase the use of ORS packets, availability needs to be increased in rural regions.
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• Russian Federation (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Street-Based Female Sex Workers in Samara and Saratov. First Round.
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Abstract: The main objective of this study is to provide a baseline measurement of selected health behaviors, their determinants, and exposure to PSI programming among street-based female sex workers (FSW) in Saratov and Samara. PSI/Russia is implementing a three-year program targeting FSWs in Saratov and Samara regions of Russia. Within the framework of this program core transmitters (FSW and injecting drug users) are to be reached through HIV prevention interventions including outreach, IEC materials, telephone hotlines, face-to-face counseling, trainings, support groups, and case management services. This study is premised on a stratified single-stage cluster sampling approach in each geographic area of interest. Sample size was calculated for both Samara and Saratov separately. Furthermore, the number of respondents to be selected from each cluster was defined proportional to cluster size. Results show that condom use with last paying client is nearly universal but correct condom use is lower. Condom use is lower with non-paying partners and in Samara, a significant proportion of sex workers reported using injection drugs, which places them at a much higher risk for HIV. Results suggest PSI should continue the message that FSW are at risk with all types of partners and outreach services should tackle a variety of health risks and behaviors given FSW alcohol and drug use.
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• Laos (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Transgenders in Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Savannakhet. Second Round.
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Abstract: In comparison with its neighbors, Laos is a low HIV prevalence country. Recently, the Lao government has included men who have sex with men (MSM) in the National Strategic and Action Plan on HIV/AIDS/STI 2006-2010. Because of the sensitive nature of this issue, there are no official data on the MSM community in Laos. Time-location sampling was used to collect data from katoey (n=415) and convenience sampling was used to sample their male partners (n=229). All respondents were aged 15 to 35 and from three urban centers in Laos. The questionnaire covered demographic information, sexual behavior, condom and lubricant use, OAM determinants, and exposure to interventions. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant determinants of condom use among katoey. UNIANOVA tests were used on katoey data to compare baseline and follow-up figures and complete the monitoring table. Results show that there were significant increases between 2004 and 2006 for the following behavioral indicators: condom use at last anal sex with phoubao, condom use at last sex with fan, condom use during any sex in the past week, and water-based lubricant use during anal sex. Evaluation analysis showed that high exposure to katoey-specific interventions had a significant positive impact on condom use at last anal sex with phoubao.
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• Madagascar (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Pre-Packaged Malaria Treatment among Caregivers of Children Younger than Five Years. Second Round.
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Abstract: The goal of the PSI/M malaria treatment program is to contribute to reductions in mortality and morbidity among children under five years of age by improving the availability of anti-malarials and their use as directed. In October and November 2006, PSI/M conducted a household survey designed to investigate practices related to malaria treatment for a nationally representative sample of women 15-49 years of age. Women aged 15 to 49 years old from all regions of the country were eligible for and participated in the study. Multi-stage stratified sampling was used in both surveys. A total of 2,138 and 2,559 eligible women were recruited in rural and urban areas for the 2004 baseline and 2006 follow-up studies respectively. For the two cross sectional surveys, PSI/M used the methodology of project TRaC, which is designed to provide actionable evidence for decision making. TRaC surveys systematically and repeatedly measure levels and trends of indicators such as exposure to social marketing interventions, behaviors, and behavioral determinants. Results showed that more women are treating malarial fever with PPT but the use of other anti-malarials has decreased. Overall, PSI/M communication activities had a significant impact on behavioral determinants.
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• Guinea (2006): Enquête TRaC-M sur l'Exposition aux Messages de PSI/Guinea Concernant la Promotion de la Planification Familiale, la Prévention des IST/VIH/SIDA, la Prévention des Maladies Diarrhéiques et la Prévention du Paludisme. Premier Passage.
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Abstract: L’enquête de suivi des activités de masse média pour le changement de comportement a été commanditée par PSI/Guinée et réalisée par le bureau d’études CeRPoD-Guinée en octobre 2006. L’objectif principal de cette enquête était de mesurer les niveaux d’exposition de certains groupes cibles aux activités de communication pour le changement de comportement. Elle a concerné tous les volets d’intervention du programme de marketing social de Guinée : la promotion de la planification familiale, la prévention des IST/VIH/SIDA, la prévention des maladies diarrhéiques et la prévention du paludisme. Les cibles touchées par l’enquête sont les femmes en âge de procréer, les femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans, les femmes enceintes, les jeunes âgés de 13-19 ans et certains groupes à haut risque du VIH/SIDA (les filles libres, les miniers et les routiers). L’enquête a utilisé la méthode de TRaC-M avec l’adoption de l’approche légère : le LQAS. Elle a touché sur 19 femmes en âge de procréer, 171 jeunes âgés de 13 à 19 ans, 95 femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans, 76 femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans et/ou des femmes enceintes, 19 filles libres, 19 miniers et 19 routiers. Les resultants révèlent que, les niveaux d’exposition des femmes aux spots axes sur la promotion de la planification familliale et la prevention des maladies diarrhéiques sont très élevés.
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• Vietnam (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Injecting Drug Users in Mong Cai, Uong Bi, and Thai Nguyen City. Second Round.
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Abstract: This survey among injecting drug users (IDUs) aimed to identify and describe segments of the population in terms of needle-sharing in the three months prior to the survey and explore injecting practices, sexual behaviors and condom use. It also sought to monitor trends in condom use, injecting behaviors, and use of VCT services and determine whether exposure to PSI program activities is associated with changes in key indicators. Respondent-driven Sampling (RDS) was used to recruit 398 male IDUs aged 15 to 45 who live in Uong Bi and Mong Cai towns in Quang Ninh province and Thai Nguyen City in Thai Nguyen province. The questionnaire collected information on socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and needle-sharing behaviors, opinions about needle-sharing practices, beliefs and knowledge about HIV, sexual activity and condom use, and exposure to harm reduction services. The results show that sharing needle/syringes has decreased and consistent use of new needle/syringes has increased. Consistent condom use with regular partners increased from 27.0% to 53.0%, and consistent condom use with commercial partners also improved dramatically. About half of IDUs had ever been tested for HIV, and this proportion has not change significantly over time.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Delayed Sexual Debut among Youth (10-14 years). First Round.
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Abstract:In the beginning of 2006, PSI/Madagascar conducted a household survey to assess selected reproductive health indicators for a representative sample of 15-24 year old youth and 10-14 year old youth. The 2006 survey was a follow-up to the reproductive survey conducted in late 2003. The objective was to measure delayed onset of sexual activity and condom use for those who were already sexually active. 3906 youth were interviewed. The percentage of youth aged 10-14 who never had sexual intercourse was 98.6%. Only 17.2% of youth who ever had sex had used a condom at last sex. Not surpsrisingly, HIV/AIDS was not commonly discussed among 10-14 year old youth. The results indicate a high level of abstinence among this age group. Programmatic efforts should aim to maintain this level. Current messages and communication channels appear to be effective.
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• Guinea (2006): VIH/SIDA Enquete TRaC sur Les Déterminants de L’Utilisation du Presérvatif par Les Forces Armées. Deuxiéme Passage.
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• India (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Consistent Condom Use among Male Clients of Female Commercial Sex Workers in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. First Round.
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Abstract:PSI is currently implementing a multi-year HIV prevention program that works to reduce HIV incidence by treating and preventing sexually transmitted infections among male clients of commercial sex workers in 100 high priority towns in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states. “High priority” is defined by high seroprevalence rate and high number of commercial sex workers. The representative sample of 2,401 male clients of female commercial sex workers, randomly recruited from the high risk areas of project towns in the state of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra were interviewed using a structured questionnaire while following the multi-stage cluster sampling process. Two triggers of consistent condom use were identified in all project states, social support and beliefs. The more a male client of sex worker feels social support and the more correct his beliefs, the more likely he is to consistently use condoms with sex workers. Additionally a few triggers were found to be relevant for only one or two states. PSI recommends focusing on increasing correct beliefs for the next 12 months or until research determines that other barriers and triggers are more important.
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• Nicaragua (2006): Estudio MAP Evaluando la Cobertura, Calidad de Cobertura, y Acceso de Anticonceptivos en Managua, Matagalpa y Chinandega. Primera Ronda.
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• Cambodia (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Sexually Active Men with Sweethearts in Phnom Penh. Second Round.
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Abstract:According to the HIV Sentinel Survey (HSS) in 2003, Cambodia was successful in reducing HIV prevalence from 3.0% in 1997 to 1.9% in 2003 among the general adult population. Despite these declines, new risk groups like high-risk persons’ spousal and sweetheart partners bear an increasing burden of HIV infection. The 2003 HSS indicated that the majority of new HIV infections among women result from transmission between husband and wife. Also, the 2005 CDHS found that men in the highest socio-economic quintile are at greatest risk of HIV2 – many of whom are clients of brothel-based sex workers or women who work in entertainment establishments. In 2005, PSI/Cambodia launched a media campaign called Klahan, designed to promote condom use in sweetheart and spousal relationships. This report uses data from the 2005 and 2006 surveys of sexually active men with sweethearts in Phnom Penh. Among respondents who reported being sexually active with their sweethearts in the last 3 months, approximately half reported consistently using condoms with their sweethearts in the last three months, which represents a significant increase from 2005. Consistent condom use with commercial partners and spouses also increased over time, from 83.21% to 93.64% with commercial partners and from 1.32% to 14.16% with spouses.
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• Central Asia (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC-M Study Evaluating Exposure and Retention of Media Campaign among At-Risk Youth (15-25 years) in Seven Cities. First Round.
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• Guinea (2006) : HIV/AIDS TRaC sur les Déterminants de l’Utilisation du Préservatif par les Policiers en Conakry. Premier Passage.
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• Russian Federation (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Risk and Health-Seeking Behaviors among Men who have Sex with Men in Nine Regions. First Round.
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• Central Asia (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use, Needle Sharing, Overdose, and Initiation of Others into Injecting Drugs among Injecting Drug Users in Tashkent and Bishkek. First Round.
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• São Tomé and Príncipe (2006): Malaria TRaC-M Study Evaluating Use of Insecticide Treated Nets and Net Retreatment Kits among Pregnant Woman and Children under Five. Second Round.
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• Togo (2006) : VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC Sur L’Utilisation Systematique du Preservatifs avec Les Partenaires non Habitueles. Premier Passage.
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• Rwanda (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage, Quality of Coverage, and Access to Condoms. First Round.
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• Bénin (2006): Paludisme Enquête TRaC Pour Évaluer l'Utilisation de la Moustiquaire Imprégnée d’Insecticide chez les Femmes Enceintes ou Ayant à Charge un Enfant Âgé de Moins de 5 Ans au Donga. Deuxième Passage.
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• Tanzania (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Coverage and Quality of Coverage of Salam, Ngao and WaterGuard. First Round.
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Guinée (2006) : Déterminants de l’utilisation systématique du préservatif chez les filles libres du Km 36 et de Forécariah-Pamelap avec leurs clients. Premier passage.


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Guinea (2006) : Les déterminants de l’utilisation systématique des moustiquaires imprégnées par les femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans en Guinée : Cas de la Préfecture de Boké. Deuxième Passage.


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Guinea (2006): Les déterminants de l’utilisation systématique des moustiquaires imprégnées par les femmes ayant en charge des enfants de moins de 5 ans en Guinée : Cas de la Préfecture de N’Zérékoré. Deuxième Passage.


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Nepal (2006):Malaria Social Marketing TRaC and Net Coverage Survey in Six Districts of Nepal: Phase I of the Malaria Prevention Program. First Round.


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Nepal (2006): Project MAP: Coverage and Performance of Family Planning Products in Nepal. First Round.

 
• Burkina Faso (2006): VIH/SIDA Enquête TRaC sur l’Utilisation Consistante du Préservatif chez les Routiers et les Orpailleurs. Troisième Passage.
View abstract
Abstract:La présente étude a pour objectif de suivre l’évolution des indicateurs de comportement chez les routiers et les orpailleurs au Burkina Faso. Elle est une suite de deux précedentes études menées en 2004 et 2005. Les données collectées sont relatives aux comportements sexuels d’une part et aux déterminants des comportements sexuels tels que définis dans le cadre conceptuel du changement de comportement proposé par PSI d’autre part. L’utilisation consistante du préservatif lors de rapports sexuels non conjugaux s’est améliorée chez les deux groupes cibles de 2004 à 2006. La discussion du VIH SIDA avec le partenaire s’est tout aussi améliorée significativement durant la même période aussi bien chez les orpailleurs que chez les routiers. Les données suggèrent que les activités de PROMACO ont eu un impact sur ce résultat. Le tableau de segmentation ne revèle pas de déterminants sur lesquesl devraient se focaliser les activités.
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• Madagascar (2006): Family Planning TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Condoms and Oral Contraceptives among Young Females (15-24 years). Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In January 2001, the USAID-funded franchised private health clinic project started under the name Top Réseau in two pilot districts of Tamatave. Three years later, based on the results of the pilot project, PSI extended this project to four other main cities in Madagascar: Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Taolagnaro. Using a comprehensive approach that integrates service delivery and communication for health, the project aims to prevent STIs/HIV and unwanted pregnancy among sexually active youth. Intervention activities are designed to motivate at-risk youth to adopt safer behavior, including delayed onset of sexual activity, correct and consistent condom use, prompt treatment of STIs, VCT, and use of modern contraceptive methods. This study is based on two cross sectional survey rounds (October/November 2003 and December 2005/January-March 2006). Female respondents, aged 15-24, were randomly sampled from households in four Top Réseau sites in 2003 and in seven Top Réseau sites in 2006. In total, 2023 and 4816 young females were interviewed in 2003 and 2006, respectively. Results are presented in standard PSI Dashboard form. The results showed no change in current use of modern contraceptive methods since 2003; 34% of females reported using these methods. Condoms were the most used method followed by injectables and pills. No evidence of social marketing program’s impact in promoting condoms or pill use as contraceptive methods is supported, with the exception of maintaining the target level.
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• Cambodia (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating ITN Use among Populations Living in Malaria Endemic Areas. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI/Cambodia conducted a household survey designed to investigate behaviors related to insecticide treated net use among residents of malaria endemic areas in Cambodia. This survey among the general population, aged 19-55, living in malaria endemic areas aimed to: 1) identify behavioral determinants associated with use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs); 2) monitor levels of preventive practices as well as determinants of net use; 3) assess the target population’s willingness to pay for long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLITNs) and insecticide treatment kits (ITKs) to guide program decision-makers with setting prices for these new prevention products to be launched by PSI/Cambodia. This baseline study consisted of a cross-sectional survey conducted in June and July, 2006. Stratified multi-stage sampling was used to collect data among 675 respondents, aged 19-55, living in villages classified under 3 domains (high, medium and low risk of malaria) within the 17 provinces targeted by the malaria program. Segmentation analyses showed that knowing where to get nets treated with insecticide, social support and threat were related to ITN use among those that reported sleeping under any type of net the previous night. The majority of households owned at least one mosquito net, and most respondents reported sleeping under a net the previous night. However, only 21.5% of households had an ITN, and 15.0% of all respondents reported sleeping under an ITN the previous night. For pregnant women and children under five in the surveyed households, conventional net use the previous night was nearly universal, while the proportion who slept under ITNs the previous night was higher among pregnant women than among children under five.
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• Malawi (2006): MAP Study Evaluating the Coverage and Quality of Coverage of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Malaria Prevention, and Child Survival Products. Second Round.
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Abstract: PSI/Malawi is engaged in the social marketing of a range of health products that directly address the most significant health concerns faced by Malawians – Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal disease. These products consist of Chishango condoms, Chitetezo insecticide treated mostquito nets, M’bwezera Chitetezo treatment kits, Thanzi OR, and Waterguard. Project MAP (Measuring Access and Performance) is a methodology that allows programmers to make an assessment of product availability and accessibility using pre-defined criteria for coverage, quality of coverage, and access. Its goal is to increase the overall efficiency of social marketed products and service delivery systems. The main objectives of PSI/Malawi’s 2007 second round MAP survey were to (1) monitor the coverage and quality of coverage of each of PSI/Malawi’s social marketed products (Chitetezo ITNS, M’bwezera Chitetezo ITN treatment kits, Chishango condoms, Thanzi ORS, WaterGuard Powder and WaterGuard liquid point-of-use water treatment) and (2) monitor market penetration of Chishango condoms in high-risk areas “Hot Zones”. The MAP methodology employs Lot Quality Assurance Sampling techniques (LQAS) to draw a random sample of 19 rural and 19 urban enumeration areas from each of the urban areas and the newly dermarcated seven commercial sales zones in rural areas. This second round shows that coverage for all PSI products is significantly better in urban areas than rural areas. Due to its high price, the coverage for the commercial Blue Chitetezo nets was low in both urban and rural areas. Given its relatively high price/low subsidy, coverage for the M’bwezera insecticide kit was lower compared to other products.
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• Togo (2006): Enquête MAP sur la Couverture et la Qualité de Couverture du Préservatif Protector dans les Points de Rencontre à Haut Risque. Premier Passage.
View abstractAbstract: La présente étude MAP (Mesurer l’Accès et la Performance) s’est déroulée sur l’ensemble du territoire togolais. Elle a permis d’apprécier les performances du réseau de distribution et surtout l’accès aux préservatifs et la qualité du service des points de vente. Au total, 2141 points de vente ont été recensés dans toutes les régions dont 1933 points de vente autour des points chauds et 208 points de vente sur les sites des routiers et des travailleuses de sexe. La méthode d’échantillonnage utilisée dans le cadre de cette étude MAP est celle du « Lot Quality Assurance Sampling » (LQAS ; Echantillonnage par lot pour l’Assurance de la Qualité ou Contrôle par Echantillonnage de la Qualité des Lots). Elle a permis de subdiviser les régions de Lomé, Commune et des Plateaux en deux zones ainsi pour l’analyse des données sur l’ensemble du pays. Les analyses révèlent que les points de vente ont un bon niveau de couverture de Protector Plus à dix minutes de marche autour des points chauds. En ce qui concerne la qualité de couverture, l’étude montre qu’elle très faible. Seulement 7% des points de vente de Protector Plus ont un matériel de promotion tels que les affiches et les autocollants. Ce taux augmente à 38% pour ceux qui respectent son prix de vente tel qu’il est fixé par PSI/Togo à savoir un paquet de 4 préservatifs à 100 F CFA.  Download PDF 144 KB
• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Youth (15-24 Years). Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: During the last quarter of 2005 and the first quarter of 2006, Population Services International Madagascar (PSI/M) conducted a household survey to assess selected reproductive health indicators for a representative sample of 15 to 24 year old youth. The 2006 survey was a follow-up to the reproductive health KAP survey conducted in late 2003. This study is based on two cross sectional survey rounds (October/November 2003 and December 2005/January-March 2006). Male and female respondents, aged 15-24, were randomly sampled from households in 4 Top Réseau sites in 2003 and in 7 Top Réseau sites in 2006. In total, 4041 youth and 9364 youth were interviewed in 2003 and 2006, respectively. Results are presented in standard PSI Dashboard form. Results show a significant increase in condom use since 2003. In 2006, 29.1% of youth used a condom at last sex, compared to 24.8% in 2003. Delayed onset of first sexual activity increased among never married 15-to-18 year old youth: 82.1% never had sexual intercourse at the time of the survey in 2006 compared to 65.2% in 2003. In terms of determinants of condom use, youth tend to have fewer discussions with friends and partners about STI and HIV/AIDS prevention. If in 2003, 49.0% talked to friends about STI prevention and 13.4% talked to partners about HIV/AIDS; 28.5% and 10.2% did so respectively in 2006. Perception of parents and peer support of the use of condoms by young people improved from 2003 to 2006.
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• Madagascar (2006): Family Planning TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive Age. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The goal of the PSI/Madagascar family planning program is to improve knowledge and to promote modern contraceptive practices among sexually active women through the distribution of social marketing products namely the contraceptive pill Pilplan and the injectable contraceptive Confiance. Two cross sectional surveys were conducted in October/November 2004 and October/November 2006, respectively. Women aged 15 and 49 years old from all regions of the country participated in the study. Multi-stage stratified sampling was used in both surveys. A total of 2185 and 2489 eligible women were recruited for the 2004 baseline and 2006 follow-up studies respectively. For the purpose of the current report, only data from sexually active women were used. Overall, indicators of health behavior improved significantly over the time period. A significant increase was noted for those who were currently using pills or injectables with proportions varying from 13.4 percent in 2004 to 18.3 percent in 2006. In contrast, the number of women who ever used pills or injectables was 35.8 percent in 2006 compared with 29.0 percent 2004. The use of the brand Pilplan increased to 5.3 percent in 2006 compared to only 3.8 percent of women in 2004. The proportion of women who thought that husbands accept their wives using pills or injectable contraceptive methods increased significantly from 45.9 percent in 2004 to 55.6 percent in 2006. The number of women who had heard about modern contraceptive methods in general was more than 70 percent. However, the brand names Pilplan and Confiance, which are the social marketing products, were less well-known, though brand awareness is increasing
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• Cambodia (2006): Malaria TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Diagnostic Testing among Populations Living in Malaria Endemic Areas. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Cambodia conducted a household survey designed to investigate behaviors related to diagnostic blood testing for malaria among residents of malaria endemic areas in Cambodia. This survey among the general population, aged 19-55, living in malaria endemic areas aimed to: 1) identify behavioral determinants associated with use of diagnostic blood testing among those who take treatment for malaria; 2) formulate baseline findings to inform communication campaigns promoting malaria testing and treatment; 3) monitor levels of diagnostic testing and treatment practices as well as determinants of diagnostic blood testing for malaria; and 4) assess the target population’s willingness to pay for pre-packaged combination therapy for the treatment of p. falciparum malaria in order to appraise the current pricing of PSI’s treatment products. This baseline study consisted of a cross-sectional survey conducted in June and July, 2006. Stratified multi-stage sampling was used to collect data among 675 respondents, aged 19-55, living in villages classified under 3 domains (high, medium and low risk of malaria) within the 17 provinces targeted by the malaria program. Results show almost half of the study population reported ever having symptoms of malaria, and of those, 63.8% reported taking a diagnostic blood test the last time they had symptoms, while 34.3% reported generally taking a diagnostic blood test whenever they have symptoms of malaria. Only 58.3% reported that their healthcare provider offered them a blood test the last time they had symptoms of malaria.
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• Uganda (2006): MAP Study Evaluating Access, Coverage, Penetration, and Quality of Coverage: Condoms in Bushenyi, Hoima, Mubende, and Sironko Districts. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: Project MAP (Measuring Access and Performance) was conducted to produce baseline estimates for rural condom coverage, quality of coverage, penetration and access in Mubende, Bushenyi, Sironko and Hoima districts in Uganda, April 2006. It also collected information on willingness to stock condoms. This information was collected prior to the launch of Trust condoms in order to provide benchmarks and monitor performance of the PSI/U rural distribution strategy. MAP aims to increase the coverage, quality, equity of access and efficiency of social marketing product delivery systems in rural areas. Data was collected from four supervision areas – Mubende, Bushenyi, Sironko and Hoima districts. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling technique (LQAS) was used to draw a sample of 19 rural parishes in each district, representing the residential areas of the district. In each parish a census and audit including GIS (geographic information system) mapping of all potential condom outlets was conducted to determine condom coverage, quality of coverage and penetration. Access was computed from GIS data. Results showed that condoms are not widely available, but especially in Bushenyi (<20%), Hoima (25%) and Sironko(25%). With 60% coverage, Mubende has the highest level of coverage. Access is low since few areas have 75% or more of their population within a 1 km radius of an outlet selling condoms (catchment area). Latent demand is very high with an estimated 80% or more of the areas having 50% or more of outlets willing to stock condoms.
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• Lesotho (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among the General Population (15-35 years). First Round.
View abstract
Abstract:PSI Lesotho undertakes social marketing of condom brands such as Trust Regular, Trust Studded and Lovers Plus. The organization also offers VCT services. The condom social marketing program includes implementation of interpersonal communication that promotes the benefits of condom use and VCT and advertises the availability of condoms and VCT services with the goal of increasing condom use and VCT utilization in Lesotho. The 2006 HIV TRaC survey collected information from randomly selected men and women aged between 15-35 years in all the 10 districts of Lesotho. A multi –stage stratified cluster sampling was used which provided a nationally representative sample of 1600 respondents. Data collection was supervised by PSI staff and external enumerators were used. Results of the study are presented in standard PSI dashboard form. Significantly more users than non- users knew where to obtain condoms. Results show that the implication is that condom use will increase if availability of condoms is increased, users displayed a higher level of self- efficacy than non-users, and self efficacy is related to the perceived ability to negotiate condom use with a partner. Users had significantly better attitude towards condoms than non- users. The focus should be on improving attitudes towards condoms, the target group should be encouraged to appreciate that condoms are safe and can be fun. The self-efficacy partner among non- users is low and thus program efforts should aim at improving condom negotiation skills of the target group. Program efforts should aim at increasing knowledge and outcome expectation and self efficacy of the target group.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers in Seven Top Réseau Clinics. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In October and November of 2006, Population Services International Madagascar (PSI/M) conducted a baseline survey designed to investigate practices on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and STIs prevention and treatment among high risk groups. This report measures levels of indicators relating to the logical frameworks and the performance review and levels of determinants of STI treatment from a qualified provider. In addition, it presents identified behavioral determinants of STI treatment from a qualified provider and related behaviors. It provides guidance for future activities. This study is based on the first round of a cross sectional survey administered in October-November 2006. Female sex workers were randomly sampled from high risk meeting places in seven Top Réseau sites: Antananarivo, Mahajanga, Fort Dauphin, Diégo, Toamasina, Morondava, and Antsirabe. A total of 1132 female sex workers were interviewed. Results are presented in standard PSI Dashboard form. Findings indicate that availability and self-efficacy were significant determinants of STI treatment from a qualified provider. Female sex workers who had at least a secondary level of education were more likely to seek STI treatment from a qualified provider compared to those with less education. The data revealed a high level of STI treatment once symptoms were felt. Of the 20.3% of female sex workers who had SIT symptoms in the past twelve months, 86.5% of them sought treatment from qualified provider.
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• Madagascar (2006): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use among Female Sex Workers in Fort-Dauphin. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In October and November of 2006, Population Services International Madagascar (PSI/M) conducted a baseline survey designed to investigate practices on HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevention and treatment among high risk groups. This 2006 survey on condom use was also a TRaC survey that aimed to provide evidence for social marketing decision making. The overall goal of PSI/M programs is to reduce transmission and impact of HIV/AIDS and STIs through comprehensive behavior change communication and condom promotion, STI case management, and reproductive health services among adolescents. This report is based on a cross sectional survey among female sex workers in urban area in Fort-Dauphin. All noticeable FSWs seen on the site from high risk meeting places, such as brothels, bars, streets, etc, were recruited. A total of 397 female sex workers were interviewed. Results show that self-efficacy was a significant determinant of condom use at last sex with clients among female sex workers. No sociodemographic factor was associated with condom use at last sex with clients. Levels of condom use were relatively high: 85.6% of female sex workers used condoms at last sex with clients and 72.8% reported using condoms in most of the time or all the time while having sex with clients.
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2005
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Zambia (2005): Family Planning TRaC Study Examining the Use of Modern Conceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive Age. Round One.


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• Swaziland (2005): HIV TRaC Study among Youth. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: PSI/Swaziland aims to decrease the prevalence of HIV by undertaking activities such as condom social marketing, providing voluntary counseling and testing, and promoting abstinence and fidelity through behavior change communications. PSI/Swaziland promotes the Lovers Plus and Trust brands of male condoms and Care female condoms. PSI/Swaziland uses radio as its main mass communication vehicle and undertakes interpersonal communications especially on issues of abstinence, delayed debut, and fidelity. The target group for this study was men and women aged 15-24. Individual interviews were conducted with randomly selected members of the group, and the sample size was 1254, representing four regions of the country. Logistic regression and unianova results suggest the importance of self-efficacy. For men, partner trust and personal dislike of condoms were the most commonly cited reasons for not using condoms. Not having a condom when needed was also cited as a reason for not using condoms. For condom use with regular partners, self-efficacy, beliefs, and outcome expectations were found to be significant behavioral determinants. A campaign to increase this awareness should be considered.
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Zambia (2005): Malaria TRaC Study Examining the Use of Insecticide Treated Nets Among Pregnant Women in Zambia. First Round.


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• Uganda (2005): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Examining Safe Water Use among People Living with HIV/AIDS. First Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The PSI/Uganda services portfolio is expanding to include care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) with the introduction of the HIV Basic Care Package Program. The HIV Basic Care Program through organizations working with PLHA will provide and promote use of safe water systems, insecticide treated nets, condoms, and family planning services. Data was collected from randomly selected PLHA aged 15-49 registered in care and support organizations earmarked for the basic care program for the next five years. A total of 1203 PLHA were interviewed from 12 districts representing the five regions of Uganda. Results show that slightly more than half of the respondents always boiled drinking water. Almost all respondents knew that diarrhea could be prevented but only 40% reported that drinking contaminated water was a major cause of diarrhea. People who knew about this relationship were more likely to boil their water compared to people who did not know. People who boiled their water tended to have higher socioeconomic status. Interventions to increase safe water use among should improve PLHA knowledge about unsafe water as a key mode of diarrhea transmission. They should also highlight ways of purifying water and introduce water treatment products as an alternative to the current practice of boiling.
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• Romania (2005): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study among Roma Males (15-30 years). Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: The objective of this project is to evaluate the interpersonal communication (IPC) intervention on sexual health implemented among young Romanian males in selected neighborhoods of Bucharest between 2004 and 2005. The IPC intervention was implemented through an edutainment model, which consisted of two games during which messages about safe sex and contraceptive use were disseminated. The objectives were to promote positive attitudes about these issues and give participants a chance to practice skills of correct condom use. The study employed a pre-post case-comparison design. The results suggest that positive changes in condom use behavior, as well as determinants of condom use have occurred over time in the target population. This type of IPC intervention can be successfully implemented to increase correct knowledge about sexuality-related topics, and to promote positive beliefs about condom use. It is unclear how effective the program is in changing behavior.
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• Zimbabwe (2005): HIV/AIDS TRaC Study Evaluating the Use of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services among Urban Youth. Second Round.
View abstract
Abstract: In Zimbabwe, over 15,000 clients access voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services on a monthly basis through the New Start VCT network. Starting in November 2003, PSI/Zimbabwe implemented several VCT communication campaigns promoting knowledge of status among different population groups. These included a series of branded and unbranded campaigns on television, radio, outdoor media, and print media. Two cross-sectional surveys of youth ages 15-24 were carried out in urban Zimbabwe. The study consisted of a sample of 1800 youths during each round. Analysis was carried out using ANOVA. The monitoring analysis showed that the proportion of respondents who reported ‘knowing their HIV status’ had increased significantly between the two periods. The evaluation analysis showed that increased exposure to PSI’s VCT is significantly associated with increased use of VCT services. This study helped identify significant determinants of knowledge of status, i.e. perceived availability, self-efficacy, and outcome expectation. It is important for all VCT communications to continue to incorporate these determinants as part of the demand creation strategies.
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 Zambia (2005): Maternal and Child Health TRaC Study: Examining the Use of Water Purification Solution in Zambia. First Round.


 Download PDF 161 KB
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